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    Manual 1introduction

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    This document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the origins and early theories of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cognitivism. It outlines the main goals of psychology as describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior. Finally, it identifies several major fields of psychology including clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, health, biopsychology/neuroscience, cognitive, forensic, social, and gender/cultural psychology and provides brief descriptions of the work in each field.

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    Manual 1introduction

    Uploaded by

    L Y
    18 views24 pages
    This document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the origins and early theories of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cognitivism. It outlines the main goals of psychology as describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior. Finally, it identifies several major fields of psychology including clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, health, biopsychology/neuroscience, cognitive, forensic, social, and gender/cultural psychology and provides brief descriptions of the work in each field.

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    201703_Manual_1Introduction

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    This document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the origins and early theories of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cognitivism. It outlines the main goals of psychology as describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior. Finally, it identifies several major fields of psychology including clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, health, biopsychology/neuroscience, cognitive, forensic, social, and gender/cultural psychology and provides brief descriptions of the work in each field.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views24 pages

    Manual 1introduction

    Uploaded by

    L Y
    This document provides an introduction to psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It describes the origins and early theories of psychology, including structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cognitivism. It outlines the main goals of psychology as describing, explaining, predicting, and changing behavior. Finally, it identifies several major fields of psychology including clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, health, biopsychology/neuroscience, cognitive, forensic, social, and gender/cultural psychology and provides brief descriptions of the work in each field.

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    INTRODUCTION

    Foundation In Arts (FIA)


    PPSY 001 Introduction to Psychology
    Objectives
    At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
     Define psychology and explain the reason to study it in relation to its application.

     Describe the different origins/perspectives of psychology.

     Identify and explain the different fields of psychology.


    WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology
    Definition
    = The scientific study of behavior and
    mental processes.
     Focuses on critical thinking.
     Scientific.
    х Pseudopsychologies (e.g. psychics, mediums).
    х Nonscientific.
    What do you think?
    Why do we need to study psychology?
    Psychology helps us to scientifically evaluate common belief and misconceptions
    about behaviour and mental processes.

    Common Beliefs True / False


    We only use 10% of our brain.

    Most brain activities stop during sleep.

    Police often use psychics to help solve crimes.

    Similarity is the best predictor of long-term relationships.


    Four Goals of Psychology

    Describe Explain Predict Change


    What is the behavior? Why the behavior Under which Applies psychological
    occurred? conditions would the knowledge to prevent
    behavior continue to unwanted behavior or
    occur? to bring about
    desirable change.
    ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGY
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology
    Theory: Structuralism 1879
    Edward Titchener focused on the study of the structure of the mind. Wilhelm Wundt
    “If physical items can be broken down into atomic structures, why can’t we do “Father of Psychology”
    the same for the human mind and our unseen thoughts?”

    Theory: Functionalism
    William James focused on how the mind allows people to function in real
    world.
    “If physical traits could aid in survival, why couldn’t behavioral traits do the
    same?”

    1900 Theory: Psychoanalytic


    Sigmund Freud Proposed that there is an unconscious mind into which we repress all of our
    threatening urges and desires and stressed the importance of unresolved past
    conflicts (especially during early childhood i.e. first 6 years)

    Theory: Psychodynamic
    Influenced by Freud’s ideas but altered to fit more modern viewpoints and
    with less emphasis on sexual motivations; key figures include Alfred Adler,
    Carl Jung, and Anna Freud.

    1920s
    Ivan Pavlov, John
    Theory: Behaviourism Watson, B.F. Skinner
    Ignores the unconscious factors and focused instead on the influence of
    observable and measurable environmental influence on overt behavior.
    1940s
    Theory: Humanistic Abraham Maslow,
    Carl Rogers
    Held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own
    destiny, and strive for self-actualization, the achievement of one’s full
    potential.

    1960s Theory: Cognitive


    • The study of the physical workings of the brain and nervous system when
    engaged in memory, thinking, and other cognitive processes.
    • Focused on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem
    solving, language, and learning.

    Theory: Sociocultural 1970s


    Combined social psychology (i.e. the study of groups, social roles, and rules of
    social actions, and relationships) and cultural psychology (i.e. the study of
    cultural norms, values, and expectations).
    Theory: Biopsychology / Neuroscience
    1990s The study of biological bases (e.g. hormones, heredity, brain chemicals,
    tumors, diseases) of behavior and mental processes.

    Theory: Evolutionary
    Focused on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all
    human share to explain general mental strategies and traits; heavily
    influenced by Charles Darwin’s evolution theory (i.e. survival of the fittest).

    Theory: Biopsychosocial
    Now
    Combination of all 7 major perspectives:

    1. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

    2. Behaviourism

    3. Humanistic

    4. Cognitive

    5. Sociocultural

    6. Biopsychology/Neuroscience

    7. Evolutionary
    Now You Think…

    Why do psychologists and other scientists need


    multiple perspectives?

    Multiple perspectives allow psychologists to better


    understand and research complex behaviour and mental
    processes.
    FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
    Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology
    Field: Clinical
    What do they do?
    Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of
    psychological disorders.
    Attend to behavioural problems and
    emotional problems.
    Interview clients or guardians of clients.
    Conduct psychological tests.
    Conduct group or individual
    psychotherapy.
    Field: Counseling
    What do they do?
    Attend to less severe behavioural and
    emotional problems as compared to
    clinical psychologists.
    Conduct interview, testing, and therapy
    as part of the treatment.
    Addresses issues pertaining to family,
    career, and relationships.
    Field: Developmental
    What do they do?
    Studies human development, from
    conception until death.
    Focuses on (but not limited to) either
    one of these areas:
    Infanthood, childhood, adolescence,
    adulthood, and old age.
    Field: Educational
    What do they do?
    Improves educational processes,
    including:
    i. curriculum,
    ii. achievement testing, and
    iii. training teachers and staff.
    Counsel students.
    Work with parents and teachers.
    Field: Industrial & Organizational (I/O)
    What do they do?
    Apply principles of psychology in the
    workplace.
    Work with businesses and industries.
    Is involved in: Personnel selection and
    evaluation, leadership, job satisfaction,
    employee motivation, group processes,
    etc.
    Field: Health
    What do they do?
    Studies how biological, psychological,
    and social factors affect health and
    illness.
    Goals: To promote and maintain health,
    to prevent illness (focusing on causes
    and detection of illnesses), and to
    improve the healthcare system.
    Field: Biopsychology/Neuroscience
    What do they do?
    Investigates the relationship between biology, behavior,
    and mental processes.
    Studies how physical and chemical processes affect the
    brain and nervous system.
    Field: Cognitive
    What do they do?
    Investigates higher mental processes.
    Studies memory, reasoning,
    information processing, language,
    problem solving, decision making,
    creativity, etc.
    Field: Forensic
    What do they do?
    Apply principles of psychology to the
    legal system.
    Is involved in jury selection and/or
    psychological profiling.
    Field: Social
    What do they do?
    Investigates social interactions and
    interpersonal behavior.
    Studies about prejudice, discrimination,
    stereotype, conformity, obedience,
    group behaviors, attitude, aggression,
    etc.
    Field: Gender and/or Cultural
    What do they do?
    Studies similarities and differences
    between men and women.
    Studies similarities and differences
    between cultures.
    END
    Foundation In Arts (FIA)
    PPSY 001 Introduction to Psychology

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