Cloning

CLONING
WORK DONE BY:

-ANTÓNIO LUCAS,Nº1
-MANUEL NUNES,Nº13
-FRANCISCO PEREIRA,Nº6
-JOÃO GOMES,Nº7
DEFINITION
 Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or
organism.
 1885 - First-ever demonstration of artificial embryo twinning
 1996 - Dolly: First mammal created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
 2013 - Human embryonic stem cells created by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Dolly the sheep Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

DEFINITION
 Some clones already exist in nature. Single-celled organisms like bacteria make exact copies of
themselves each time they reproduce.
 Scientists also make clones in the lab. To clone a gene, researchers take DNA from a living creature and
insert it into a carrier like bacteria or yeast.
PROCESS- NATURAL CLONING
 Many species can reproduce asexually and hence possess natural methods of cloning
• All bacteria, the majority of fungi and many species of protists reproduce asexually to produce genetic
clones
• While most plants reproduce sexually, they also possess methods of asexual reproduction (vegetative
propagation)
• Certain animal species can also reproduce asexually, via a variety of different mechanisms
 Animal cloning methods;
 Binary Fission:
• The parent organism divides equally in two, so as to produce two genetically identical daughter organisms
• This method of cloning occurs in Planaria (flatworms) but is also common to bacteria and protists (e.g.
euglena, amoeba).
Planaria
 Budding
• Cells split off the parent organism, generating a smaller daughter organism which eventually separates from the parent
• This method of cloning occurs in Hydra but is also common to many species of yeast
Hydra
 Fragmentation
• New organisms grow from a separated fragment of the parent organism
• This method of cloning is common to starfish and certain species of annelid worms
Examples of Animal Cloning

Methods
 Plant cloning methods;
 Plants have the capacity for vegetative propagation, whereby small pieces can be induced to grow independently
• This is because adult plants possess meristematic tissue capable of cellular differentiation (totipotent)
Vegetative Propagation via Plant Stolons

PROCESS-ARTIFICIAL CLONING
 Reproductive cloning
 Reproductive cloning involves creating an animal
that is genetically identical to a donor animal
through somatic cell nuclear transfer. In
reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo
is placed back into the uterine environment
where it can implant and develop. Dolly the
sheep is perhaps the most well-known example.
Cloning process of Dolly

PROCESS-ARTIFICIAL CLONING
 Therapeutic cloning
 Therapeutic cloning involves creating a
cloned embryo for the sole purpose of
producing embryonic stem cells with
the same DNA as the donor cell. These
stem cells can be used in experiments
aimed at understanding disease and
developing new treatments for disease.
Example of therapeutic cloning

NOTABLE EXAMPLES
Tetra, the Rhesus Monkey- Tetra was the world's first monkey cloned by embryo splitting. Is the first in
a series of cloned monkeys that scientists could use as test subjects to learn more about diseases
like diabetes.
Tetra, the Rhesus Monkey

NOTABLE EXAMPLES
Mira, the Goat-Cloned in 1998, Mira and her sisters came from a US lab as predecessors for
livestock engineered to contain pharmaceutical products beneficial for humans.
Mira and her sisters

BENEFITS
 Benefits to endangered species: The species of animals

or plants which have the fear of extinction, they can
be saved by cloning.
 Benefits to infertile: As a result of this procedure,
infertile couples can also have children.
A black-footed ferret has been cloned, a first for a U.S.

endangered species
BENEFITS
 Benefits to medicine:
-Organ transplantation-Cloning has

allowed the scientists to produce
organs in animals and then transplant
them into a human body.
How to transplant an organ from a pig to a human

ETHICAL ISSUES
 The moral and ethical arguments of cloning mostly refer to human cloning and human reproductive
cloning.
 Since the original and the copy are both human beings, but separate, like identical twins (nature's version
of cloning), this means that the clone has the same rights as the original and it would be illegal to use the
clone's parts or organs for replacement in the original.
ETHICAL ISSUES
 Some researchers argue that the cloning a child using the genetic material of the donor imposes an unfair
situation upon the clone, as the clone has lost the right to have its own genetic material because the
original forced its genes onto the clone.
 Those who are opposed to therapeutic cloning believe that the technique supports and encourages
acceptance of the idea that human life can be created and expended for any purpose.
LEGISLATION
 There are few policy making entities that have, at least on the surface, engaged the human dignity debate
in any meaningful manner.
 In Canada, for example, the government has recommended a ban on all forms of human cloning.
 In the US, there is no federal law prohibiting human cloning; as of today, federal laws and regulations only
address funding and other issues indirectly connected to cloning.
CONCLUSION
 Cloning is a great step forward in the development of science. As we explained, there are multiple
benefits of this technique and the treatment of many health problems can be solved by cloning. It is still a
technique under development, with some ethical and legislative aspects still to be defined, but with great
potential.
REFERENCES/SOURCES
 The History of Cloning. The history of cloning. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezone
 Adnan, A. (2010, June 23). Benefits of cloning. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-
Article/Benefits-of-Cloning-167.html
 Cloned animals: Here are some famous cloned animals from around the world. The Economic Times. (2018, March 12).
Retrieved November 27, 2022, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/here-are-some-famous-
cloned-animals-from-around-the-world/hollywood-star-barbra-streisand/slideshow/63255047.cms
 Brent Cornell. BioNinja. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/35-genetic-modification-and/natural-cloning.html
 Michael Rugnetta. (n.d.). Ethical controversy. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/cloning/Ethical-controversy

Cloning

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CLONING

WORK DONE BY:

Dolly the sheep Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch

Examples of Animal Cloning

Vegetative Propagation via Plant Stolons

Cloning process of Dolly

Example of therapeutic cloning

Tetra, the Rhesus Monkey

Mira and her sisters

 Benefits to endangered species: The species of animals

A black-footed ferret has been cloned, a first for a U.S.

-Organ transplantation-Cloning has

How to transplant an organ from a pig to a human

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