Лекция 3 Витамины Минералы....
Лекция 3 Витамины Минералы....
Лекция 3 Витамины Минералы....
“Dietary supplements.
Vitamins&Minerals,
recommended intake rates,
deficiency, toxicity.”
• N.B. Dietary supplements - pills, liquids,
or powders that contain purified nutrients
or other ingredients (we'll talk about it more
in lecture 7 about vitamins and minerals).
• Scientists are making elemental diets –
diets composed of purified ingredients of
known chemical composition; intended to
supply, to the greatest extent possible, all
essential nutrients to people who cannot eat
foods.
• Formula diets are essential to help sick people
to survive, but they do not enable people to
thrive over long periods. These diets are not
perfect for all people in all settings.
• Lately, marketers have advertised
supplements to healthy people of all ages as
“meal replacers” or “insurance” against
malnutrition. The truth is that real food is
superior to such supplements. Most healthy
people who eat a nutritious diet need no
dietary supplements at all.
Food Is Best
A
D
E
K
Summary characteristics and functions of
the fat-soluble vitamins
• The fat-soluble vitamins—A, D, E, K—are found in the fats and oils of
foods and require bile for absorption. Once absorbed, these vitamins
are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body needs them.
• Because they are stored, you need not eat foods containing each fat
soluble vitamin every day.
• The capacity to be stored also sets the stage for toxic buildup if you
take in too much.
• Deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins occur when the diet is consistently
low in them. They also occur in people with diseases which reduces
energy nutrient absorption and vitamin absorption. Deficiencies are
also likely when people follow eating patterns that are
extraordinarily low in fat because a little fat is necessary for
absorption of these vitamins.
- Vitamin A has the distinction of being
the first fat-soluble vitamin to be
recognized.
- Beta-carotene an orange pigment with
antioxidant activity; a vitamin A precursor
made by plants and stored in human fat
tissue.
- Three forms of vitamin A are active in the body.
One of the active forms, retinol, made from beta-
carotene in animal and human bodies, is stored in
specialized cells of the liver ; an antioxidant nutrient.
Other active forms are retinal and retinoic acid.
- The liver makes retinol available in the bloodstream
and thereby to the body’s cells. The cells convert
retinol to its other two active forms, retinal and
retinoic acid, as needed.
• gene expression,
• vision,
• maintenance of body linings and skin,
• immune defenses,
• growth of the body,
• and normal development of cells.
Eyesight
• The most familiar function of vitamin A
is to sustain normal eyesight.
Calcium Regulation
Table 7–5 lists nutrients,
including vitamin D,
that are important
for bone health.
- Scientists are investigating
whether vitamin D may offer
protection against a wide variety of ailments,
including cardiovascular disease and its risk
factors, some cancers, infections, diabetes,
autoimmune disorders, impaired brain
development, cognitive decline, and more.
• Nausea
• Fatigue,
• Back pain
• Irregular heartbeat
• Headache
• Increased urination
• Thirst
Vitamin D Food Sources
Vitamin D Intake
Recommendations
• Connective Tissue
• Antioxidant Activity
1. Connective Tissue
The enzymes involved in the formation
and maintenance of the protein collagen depend
on vitamin C for their activity, as do many other
enzymes of the body. Collagen forms the base for
all of the connective tissues: bones, teeth, skin,
and tendons, collagen forms the scar tissue that
heals wounds. Vitamin C also participates in
other synthetic reactions, such as in the
production of carnitine, an important compound
for transporting fatty acids within the cells, and in
the creation of certain hormones.
2. Antioxidant Activity
• DRi:
• Men: 16 mg/day
• Women: 14 mg/day
Food Sources
• The key nutrient that prevents pellagra is niacin,
but any protein containing sufficient amounts of
the amino acid tryptophan will serve in its
place. Tryptophan, which is abundant in almost
all proteins (but is limited in the protein of corn),
is converted to niacin in the body, and it is
possible to cure pellagra by administering
tryptophan alone. Thus, a person eating
adequate protein will not be deficient in niacin.
• The amount of niacin in a diet is stated in terms
of niacin equivalents (NE), a measure that takes
available tryptophan into account.
Vitamin B9
Role
• Folate
• To make new cells, tissues must have the
vitamin folate. Each new cell must be
equipped with new genetic material—copies
of the parent cell’s DNA—and folate helps
synthesize DNA.
• Folate also participates in the metabolism
of vitamin B12 and several amino acids.
Folate Deficiency