ANATOMY
LECTURE 2
Prof Kasonde Bowa
MSc,M.Med,FRCS,FACS,FCS,DPH,MPH
Professor
EXECUTIVE DEAN CBU SOM
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
• 1.To explain anatomical terms
• 2.To list the key terms of anatomical
position, planes and movement.
• 3.To explain the use of Anatomical terms in
Medicine
INTRODUCTION
Gross Anatomy- branch of Human Anatomy
That deals with macroscopic body structures
It deals with the location, naked eye
description,innervation,blood supply and
Lymphatic drainage of tissues,organs and
Body systems.
Question: Compare Histology,Embryology
and Gross Anatomy
Positions
• Anatomical position
• Position of the whole body
• Position of body parts in relation to each
other
Terms
Cranial/Caudal- Head/Tail
Superior/Inferior- Top/Bottom
Anterior/Posterior- Front /Back
Ventral/Dorsal- Facing Front body/ Back
body
Proximal/Distal- Near/Far
Medial/Lateral- to Centre/Away from Centre
Planes
• Sections of the body
• Named in relation to the midline
• Body lines
Terms
Saggital- Head to Coccyx midline
Coronal- Head to Coccyx along line
Shoulders
Horizontal- Section parallel to the ground
Planes of the Body
• Frontal = coronal
• Transverse
• Sagittal
Pulsions (Movements)
Anatomical movements with a joint
Joint - a junction between 2 bone surfaces
Fixed joints- Suture(fibrous) or Syndesmosis
(Cartilage)
Movable joints- Synovial joints
Terms
1.Flexion/Extension- towards/away body
2.Abduction/Adduction- outter/inner
3.Circumduction- composite movt 1 & 2
4.Internal/External Rotation- turning in/out
Regions
• Body named by sections and subsection
• Topographical sections & subsection
• Surfaces area & surface markings
The Abdomen
Terms
Thorax- neck to diaphragm
Abdomen- diaphragm to pelvic floor
Pelvic- brim pelvic bone to the floor
Perineum- triangular area below the pelvis
Head- Vertex to the jaw line
Neck- jaw line- collar/clavicle bone
Limbs- Appendages
Arm/Thigh- first part up to joint
Forearm/Leg- second part to joint
Hand/foot- 3rd part limb
Surface Anatomy
Branch Gross Anatomy which deals with
Descriptive anatomy of the visible body
contours of the unclothed/naked human
body
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APPLICATION TO LIFE
• Description of people
• Description of places
• Speaking at official functions eg
funerals ,weddings, political meetings etc
Medical Usage
Description of Symptoms & Signs
Describe Disease eg Ulcers, lumps
Describe Surgical
Operations/Procedure/Medical Instructions
Describe diagnostic procedures
radiology/laboratory
“Physiology explains why and pathology
Explains how, Anatomy explains where”
“Anatomy is the language of Medicine”
TEACHING
• Lectures 1hr/ week
• Tutorials PBL-
• Practicals 1 hours week- Gross Anatomy
lab
• Clinical Anatomy Ultrasound scanning
Gross Anatomy
• Dissection by System 3hr /wk every 3rd
week
• Prosection of limbs 2nd year
• Osteology
• Radiographic Anatomy
Assessment
• MCQs paper 1 50
• Scenarios paper 2 10
• OSCE- lab practical by station
• Oral viva 15minutes
Conclusion
• Anatomical position
• Anatomical planes and Movements
• Anatomy is used as the language of
Medicine to answer “Where”
• Teaching & Assessment of Gross Anatomy
