BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

BRANCHES OF
PHILOSOPHY
 Ethic
Religion
s

Politic Epistemology
s
Aesthetic
s Logi
c
Metaphysics
Scienc
e

Branches of
 Ethic
s
Questions:
How should we live?
What is good and
evil?
What is the best way to
Is
live?right wrong
What is Justice? sam
and the or different
e
everywhere
everywhere?
Ethic
s A philosophicalstudy on the morality (goodness
or
badness) of human actions (conduct)

What should one do?

Descriptive – Sociology

Normative – Prescriptive

Meta ethics – How do we arrive

at moral judgment?
Epistemology
Explores the nature
and
limitations of
knowledge of
Definition
PAMIMILOSOPIYA knowledg
Investigates
e
how knowledge is
obtained
Explores the
relationshi
p
belief, truthbetwee
and knowledge n
Epistemology
Questions:
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?
How do we know what we
know?
What is
Epistemology?
Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-,
"knowledge, science" +λόγος, "logos") or theory of
knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with
the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge
• How knowledge is relates to belief,
truth, and
justification.
• The means of production of knowledge
What is
knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?

What do people know?

How do we know what we

know? Is human knowledge

trustworthy?
Can our senses be trusted?

Difference between opinion, knowledge and

Epistemologic wisdom

al
Metaphysics
Knowledge Science
• Explores the
fundamental
nature of reality and being
Ontology

Existenc
e
Objects
Properties
Space and Time
Cause and
Questions
:What is real?
What is Metaphysics
reality?
What is reality
like?
METAPHYSI
CS
Questions:
1.Reality
2.Time
3.Space
4.Presentism
5.Relativistic
Concept
Politics
Political Philosophy
Explores the relationship
between citizens and
governments
Liberty
Legal
Justice
Property
Ownership
Citizen's Rights
System of Law
Politics
Questions:
How should government
be organized?
What makes a
government legitimate?
Who decides who
the leaders should
be?
What laws are good
and necessary?
How should law
be enforced?
Aesthetic
s Sensori-
Emotional
Values
Explores the nature of
beauty, art, and taste
with the creation and
appreciation of
beauty
Aesthetic
s Questions
What is
beauty? What
is art?
What is the value
of beauty and art?
Who should judge
what is beautiful or
artistic?
How should art
and beauty be
judged?
Aesthetic
s• On the left is
Discussion:

Marcel Duchamp's
ready- made
“sculpture” called
“Fountain”. It's a
factory-made urinal
on a stand.
• Is this “Art”?
• Why / Why not?
• Is it
beautiful?
Offensive?
• Why?
Religion
Philosophy of Religion
Branch of philosophy
concerned with questions
regarding religion
Nature & Existence of
God Theology
Examination of
Religious Experience
Analysis of Religious
language and texts
Relationship
between Religion
and Science
 Religion
Questions
• Does God exist?
• What is God?
• What is the nature of the
relationship between God
and humans?
• Is God active in the
world? How?
• Is there life after death?
• What is the
relationship between
Religion and Ethics?
...Religion and Science?
Religio
n Pantheism
What is God?
God is the Universe and
the Universe is God.
There is no distinction
between God and the
universe (nature).
Some forms of Buddhism
are examples of pantheism.
 Religion
Panentheism
What is God?

God is in the
Universe and the
Universe is in God
God is more than
the Universe.
God and the
Universe are
connected but not
identical.
Philosophy of
Science Science
Concerned with the
assumptions, foundations,
methods and
implications of science.
Empirical
Verification
Inductive Logic
Objectivity of
the Observer
Philosophy of
Science Questions
• What is the natural world?
• How

should

• we
Can science
Natura establish Laws
study
l nature?
absolute (true
which are
• What methods are useful
everywhere
in
and for everyone)?
• the
Whatstudy are
of nature?
the limits
of scientific knowledge?
Logi
c Rules for Thinking
The systematic
principles (or rules) for
thinking rationally.
Inferences are
made by
construction of
Arguments
Rules of Logic
determine which
arguments are
VALID and which
are FALACIES
LOGI
C A philosophical study on the
correct processes of thinking.
The systematic study of
argument

The rule of inference

Distinguishing valid from
invalid argument
Examination fallacies

Using correct argument patterns

Logi
c

A philosophical study The systematic The rule of

on the correct study inference
processes of of argument
thinking.

Distinguishing Examination Using correct

valid from invalid fallacies argument
argument patterns
And Jonathan Lear has
said,
• "Aristotle shares with modern logicians a
fundamental interest in metatheory": his
primary goal is not to offer a practical
guide to argumentation but to study the
properties of inferential systems
themselves.
Logic
,•
from Classical Greek λόγος (logos),
means originally the word, or what is
spoken, (but comes to mean thought
or reason).
• The exact definition of logic is a
matter of controversy among
philosophers, but It is often said to
be the study of arguments.
• Aristotle exactly
holds,
member one
of any contradiction
is true and one false: they
cannot both be true, and they
cannot both be false.
•NO T/T or
F/F Just: T/F
 Aristotle's analysis of the simplest
form of argument: the three-term
Syllogism.
• The standard example in
philosophy has always been:
• All men are mortal. [Premise1 in the
form: All B's are C's.]
• Socrates is a man. [Premise 2
in the form: (All) A is B.]
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
[Conclusion in the form: All
E.
G
1.) All men are mortal
2.) No gods are
mortal Therefore:
3.) No men are gods.

1.) Everybody likes

Fridays 2.) Today is Friday
Therefore:
3.) Everybody likes today
• All B's are A's.
• All C's are B's.
• All C's are A's.

The syllogism has two premises and a conclusion.

Each premise is a proposition with a subject
term and a predicate term. In the conclusion,
the subject term is C and the predicate term is
A. There is also a "middle term" B, which is the
term linking the C's and the A's.
Hence Aristotle regards the middle term as
what provides the explanation (i.e., B explains
why all C's are A's.)
THANK
YOU!!!