Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 30 views

    Communicable Diseases

    Uploaded by

    Suad Omar
    Communicable diseases are infections caused by pathogenic agents that can be transmitted between humans. Common types include food/waterborne diseases like hepatitis A; vector-borne diseases transmitted via insects like malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever; and respiratory diseases such as meningococcal meningitis. Malaria is a major public health issue in Kenya, where it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and causes cyclical fevers and sweats. While prevention through mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs can reduce cases and deaths, malaria remains a significant problem in Kenya due to the country's climate supporting the mosquito vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Communicable Diseases

    Uploaded by

    Suad Omar
    30 views19 pages
    Communicable diseases are infections caused by pathogenic agents that can be transmitted between humans. Common types include food/waterborne diseases like hepatitis A; vector-borne diseases transmitted via insects like malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever; and respiratory diseases such as meningococcal meningitis. Malaria is a major public health issue in Kenya, where it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and causes cyclical fevers and sweats. While prevention through mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs can reduce cases and deaths, malaria remains a significant problem in Kenya due to the country's climate supporting the mosquito vectors.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Communicable diseases are infections caused by pathogenic agents that can be transmitted between humans. Common types include food/waterborne diseases like hepatitis A; vector-borne diseases transmitted via insects like malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever; and respiratory diseases such as meningococcal meningitis. Malaria is a major public health issue in Kenya, where it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and causes cyclical fevers and sweats. While prevention through mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs can reduce cases and deaths, malaria remains a significant problem in Kenya due to the country's climate supporting the mosquito vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views19 pages

    Communicable Diseases

    Uploaded by

    Suad Omar
    Communicable diseases are infections caused by pathogenic agents that can be transmitted between humans. Common types include food/waterborne diseases like hepatitis A; vector-borne diseases transmitted via insects like malaria, dengue fever and yellow fever; and respiratory diseases such as meningococcal meningitis. Malaria is a major public health issue in Kenya, where it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. It is transmitted via the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and causes cyclical fevers and sweats. While prevention through mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs can reduce cases and deaths, malaria remains a significant problem in Kenya due to the country's climate supporting the mosquito vectors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    COMMUNICABLE

    DISEASES
    BHM18096302
    OMAR SUAD MOHAMED-SALAH
    WHAT ARE COMMUNICABLE DISEASES?
    • Communicable diseases are infections and illnesses that result due to the presence and growth of
    pathogenic biologic agents in an individual human or other host.

    •Pathogen is a bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease.

    •Communicable diseases are spread through a number of ways such as contact with contaminated
    surfaces, contact with  blood , sexual intercourse, breathing in an airborne virus or being bit by an
    insect.
    COMMON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
    -Food/ waterborne communicable diseases include
    • Hepatitis A and E
    • Typhoid fever
    • Tuberculosis.

    -Vector borne diseases include:


    • Dengue fever
    • Yellow fever
    • Malaria.

    -Respiratory diseases include


    • Meningococcal meningitis
    • Lung disease
    CASE STUDY: MALARIA IN KENYA
    WHAT IS MALARIA
    • Malaria is a communicable disease transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito,
    making it a vector born disease.
    • It caused by a single cell parasite protozoa plasmodium 
    • Plasmodium is a genus of single cell microorganism that are present in parasites of vertebrates and
    insects. The life cycles of Plasmodium species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host
    which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal.
    • The injected parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells, causing a cycle of fevers,
    sweats 
    Below is an image of female anopheles gambiae
    • Malaria is most commonly found in poor, tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.

    • Areas that are possess the perfect environment/conditions for the female anopheles gambiae report
    malaria to be the number one cause of death.
    SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA.
    • a high temperature, sweats and chills.
    • headaches and feeling confused.
    • feeling very tired and sleepy (especially in children)
    • feeling and being sick, tummy pain and diarrhoea.
    • loss of appetite.
    • muscle pains.
    • yellow skin or whites of the eyes.
    • a sore throat, cough and difficulty breathing.
    MALARIA IN KENYA
    • Malaria is the leading cause mortality and morbidity in Kenya accounting for an estimated 30%-
    50% of outpatient care and about 20% 
    • According to WHO, 75% of the Kenyan population are at risk of being infected by malaria.

    • 14 million living in endemic areas whilst another 17million live in epidemic areas.

    • The most susceptible groups of people most likely to get this disease are children under the age of
    5 as their immune systems haven't developed immunity to it and pregnant women as their
    immunity decreases due to the pregnancy.
    • The habitation of malaria is influenced by rainfall, vector species, intensity of biting and altitude.

    • Stable malaria occurs in most parts of coast, Nyanza and Western provinces where it is reported
    approximately one bite per person per week throughout the year.

    • Unstable malaria occurs in areas of low endemicity such as Machakos, Embu and Kitui of the
    Easten province and Marigat and Ngurumani of the Rift Vallet province .
    • due to rainfall patterns, altitude and temperature, Kenya is  highly susceptible to facilitate the
    vector borne insects that are mosquitos.

    • Stable malaria occurs in most parts of coast, Nyanza and Western provinces where it is reported
    approximately one bite per person per week throughout the year.

    • Unstable malaria occurs in areas of low endemicity such as Machakos, Embu and Kitui of the
    Easten province and Marigat and Ngurumani of the Rift Vallet province .
    PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PLAN
    • According to the CDC, in 2010 there were 6.07 million confirmed cases compared to the 6.87
    million confirmed cases in 2020. There has been a surge in this number due to the higher testing
    rates and rapid tests that were introduced in late 2012.

    • The statistics also indicate that in 2010 the number of reported deaths were 26,017 whilst in 2020
    it significantly reduced to 742. This drastic reduction is mainly due to the awareness that the
    general public has about the disease and the knowledge that there is a treatment plan.
    • It is argued that prevention is the most effective treatment plan. Through prevention plans such as
    using mosquito nets and antimalarial drugs, the confirmed cases and number of deaths
    would be significantly lower.

    • Health promotion messages are broadcast nationally, even to low transmission areas, so residents
    can learn how to limit their exposure and, if they do fall sick, recognize the symptoms and get
    diagnosed and treated.
    conclusion
    • Malaria is a communicable disease that plays a huge role in the mortality and morbidity of the
    Kenyan population due to the habitual nature of it environment. As much as Kenya also deals with
    other communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases,
    neonatal disorders and tuberculosis; malaria remains the top of the list when it comes to death due
    to communicable diseases. 
    references
    • The Royal Society- https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0713
    • WHO- 
    https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/in-kenya-the-path-to-elimination-of-malaria-
    is-lined-with-good-preventions
    • Statista- 
    https://www.statista.com/statistics/1240017/number-of-reported-deaths-from-malaria-in-kenya/
    • CDC- https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/index.html
    • USAID- https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Kenya_Malaria_factsheet.pdf

    You might also like