Land Nav Power
Land Nav Power
Land Nav Power
LAND NAV
Please at any point please ask Questions.
Terrain Relief Features
Five Major Three Minor
1. Hill 1. Cliff
2. Valley 2. Draw
3. Ridge 3. Spur
Saddle
4.
Two Supplemental
5. Depression
4. Cut
5. Fill
Major-Hill
A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. It often has a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp or dip topography
a hill may refer to the particular section of flat terrain without a massive summit.
Major-Valley
A valley is a low area between hills or mountains typically with a river running through it. In geology, a valley or dale is a
depression that is longer than it is wide. The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize
the form of valleys
Major-Ridge
A ridge or a mountain ridge is a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated
crest for some distance. The sides of the ridge slope away from narrow top on either side.
Major-Saddle
A saddle is a dip or low point between two areas of higher ground. A saddle is not necessarily the lower ground between two
hilltops; it may be simply a dip or break along a level ridge crest.
Major-Depression
A depression is a low point in the ground or a sinkhole. It could be described as an area of low ground surrounded by higher
ground in all directions, or simply a hole in the ground. Usually only depressions that are equal to or greater than the contour
interval will be shown.
Minor-Cliff
A cliff is a vertical or near vertical feature; it is an abrupt change of the land. When a slope is so steep that the contour lines
converge into one “carrying” contour of contours, this last contour line has tick marks pointing toward low ground.
Minor-Draw
A draw (US) or re-entrant (international) is a terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in
between them. The area of low ground itself is the draw, and it is defined by the spurs surrounding it.
Minor-Spur
A spur is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge. A spur is often formed
by two rough parallel streams, which cut draws down the side of a ridge.
Supplemental-Cut and Fill
A cut is a man-made cut through high ground. A fill is a man-made fill of a low area. The stubby lines, or tick marks, of a cut
begin at the cut, and point toward the center of the feature, usually a railroad track or a roadbed.
Colors on a map
Part Three Equipment
1. MAP
2. COMPASS
3. PROTRACTOR
Map
A graphic representation, usually on a plane surface and at an established scale, of natural or artificial features on the surface of
a part or the whole of the Earth or other planetary body.
Map legends
Map legends
Map legends
LENSATIC COMPASS
PARTS and Features of a Lensatic compass
Bezel 3. LENS
Floating Dial
REAR
Fixed Index Line
SITE
Luminous Magnetic Arrow Sighting Slot
Luminous Sighting Dots
Luminous Bezel Line
Sighting Wire
Luminous Heading
Lens
Lanyard Ring
Thumb Loop
Graduated Straight Edge
1. COVER 2. BASE
FLOATING DIAL SCALE BLACK RING
Mils - is used mainly in artillery, tank, and
mortar gunnery. AND is also used for very
accurate azimuth land navigation.
• 6400 Mils to a Circle
• Distance Between Small Marks = 20 Mils
• Distance Between Big Marks = 100 Mils
2
N = 64 (6400)
E = 16 (1600)
S = 32 (3200)
W = 48 (4800)
8.89 Mils = ½ Degree
17.78 Mils = 1 Degree
LENSATIC
COMPASS
FLOATING DIAL SCALE BLACK RING
Mils - is used mainly in artillery, tank, and
mortar gunnery. AND is also used for very
accurate azimuth land navigation.
• 6400 Mils to a Circle
• Distance Between Small Marks = 20 Mils
• Distance Between Big Marks = 100 Mils
• Distance Between Numbers = 200 Mils
N = 64 (6400)
E = 16 (1600)
40 S = 32 (3200)
20
W = 48 (4800)
8.89 Mils = ½ Degree
17.78 Mils = 1 Degree
RED RING
Degrees – common unit of measure is
the degree (º).
• 360 Degrees to a Circle
• Distance Between Red Marks = 5º
• Distance Between Big Marks = 10º
• Distance Between Numbers = 20º
N = 0º
E = 90º
S = 180º
W = 270º
Protractor
Part Three Plotting/Distance
Map Information - Distance
• The relationship between map and ground distance is the function of the bar scale.
• The bar scale looks like a small ruler and usually has 3 to 4 bar scales; feet, miles, meters, and
kilometers.
• The ability to determine distance on a map, as well as on the earth’s surface, is an important factor in
planning and executing safe, practical routes.
• The map scale of 1:xx,xxx means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to xx,xxx units of the
same measure on the ground.
– Example
• A map scale of 1:25,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to 25,000 units
of the same measure on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 25,000 inches (2083 feet, 694 yards) on the ground.
– On map 1 cm = 25,000 cm (250 meters, ¼ kilometer) on the ground.
• A map scale of 1:100,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to 100,000
units of the same measure on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 100,000 inches (8333 feet, 2778 yards, 1¾ miles) on the ground.
– On map 1 cm = 100,000 cm (1000 meters, 1 kilometer) on the ground.
• A map scale of 1:500,000 means that one unit of measure on the map is equal to 500,000
units of the same measure on the ground.
– On map 1 inch = 500,000 inches (41667 feet, 13889 yards, 8 miles) on the ground.
– On map 1 cm = 500,000 cm (5000 meters, 5 kilometer) on the ground.
How many meters are in
4-digit grid
6-digit grid
8-digit grid
10-digit grid
Grids
4-digit gride 1000m
6-digit gride 100m
8-digit gride 10m
10-digit gride 1m
Plotting Points
• Read right then up
?
ES
IL
1 ½ 0 1 M
MILE ?
1½ MILES
1 ½ 0 1 KILOMETER
A
Things to watch out/remember for land nav
º
GOAL
58
Actual line of travel x
Compass “read” here to stay on 58º
C
º
58
• This is where the use of landmarks fits in.
Known as intermediate landmarks. B
Like trees, huge boulders, hill, saddle, or any
º
58
landmarks that will be visible when traveling
º
58
from START to “A” intermediate landmark, A
g
then to “B” intermediate landmark, then to
a ri n
Be
“C” intermediate landmark, then to GOAL.
Intermediate landmarks should be short START
distances from landmark to landmark.
MAKING SENSE OF DIRECTION
CURRENT BEARING
OBSTACLES – getting around them
1. While on course you run into a lake. 1. While on course you run into a hill.
2. On the other side you clearly see a lone tree 2. You take a 90º left turn and pace count until you
directly on the same course bearing. clear the hill.
3. So you walk the lake shore until you get to 3. Then turn right 90º and walk till you clear the hill
the lone tree again.
4. and continue on your course bearing. 4. Then turn right 90º again and pace count the
same amount as the first pace count.
5. At the end of the pace count, turn left 90º and
continue on your course bearing.
54 STEPS
54 STEPS
Intersection and
Resection
Intersection
INTERSECTION IS THE LOCATION OF AN UNKNOWN POINT BY SUCCESSIVELY
OCCUPYING AT LEAST TWO (PREFERABLY THREE) KNOWN POSITIONS ON THE
GROUND AND THEN MAP SIGHTING ON THE UNKNOWN LOCATION. IT IS USED TO
LOCATE DISTANT OR INACCESSIBLE POINTS OR OBJECTS SUCH AS ENEMY TARGETS
AND DANGER AREAS.
Resection
RESECTION IS THE METHOD OF LOCATING ONE'S POSITION ON A MAP BY
DETERMINING THE GRID AZIMUTH TO AT LEAST TWO WELL-DEFINED LOCATIONS
THAT CAN BE PINPOINTED ON THE MAP. FOR GREATER ACCURACY, THE DESIRED
METHOD OF RESECTION WOULD BE TO USE THREE OR MORE WELL-DEFINED
LOCATIONS.
FOR THIS UPCOMING EXAMPLE WE WILL USE 21 DEGRESS
BACK AZIMUTH
RULE #1: IF THE AZIMUTH IS MORE THAN 180 DEGREES,
THEN SUBTRACT 180 DEGREES.