D - C - Chapter - 14 - Topic 191 To 196 (Part 1)

Other Wired Networks
• Access Networks
 Networks that
connect a small LAN
to an ISP
• Wide Area Networks

 Wired networks
used to transfer
data over long
distances
Telephone Network
• The telephone network
had its beginnings in the
late 1800s
• Plain Old Telephone

System (POTS) was
originally an analog
system using analog
signals to transmit voice
• With the advent of the

computer era, the
network, in the 1980s,
began to carry data in
addition to voice
Telephone Network
• During the last
decade, the telephone
network has
undergone many
technical changes and
the network is now
Digital as well as
Analog
Major Components
is made of three major
components:
 Local Loops
 Trunks
 Switching offices

has several levels of
switching offices:
 End offices
 Tandem offices
 Regional offices
A Telephone System
Local-Access Transport Areas (LATAs)
• A LATA can be a small
or large metropolitan
area
• A small state may have

a single LATA; a large
state may have several
LATAs
• A LATA boundary may

overlap with state
boundary; part of a
LATA can be in one
state, part in another
state
Intra-LATA and Inter-LATA Services
• Services offered by
Telephone companies
inside a LATA are called
Intra-LATA services and
between LATAs are
called Inter-LATA
services
• Carrier that handles

Intra-LATA are called a
Local Exchange Carrier
(LEC) and the ones that
handle Inter-LATA are
called Interexchange
Carriers (IXCs)
Switching Offices in a LATA
Points of Presence (POPs)
Signaling
in the beginning, used a
circuit-switched network
with dedicated links to
transfer voice
communication
• The operator connected
the two parties by using
a wire with two plugs
inserted into the
corresponding two jacks
• Later, the signaling
system became
automatic
Signaling
• Rotary telephones were
invented that sent a
digital signal defining
each digit in a multi-digit
telephone number
• As telephone networks
evolved into a complex
network, the
functionality of the
signaling system
increased
Data Transfer and Signaling Network
Layers in SS7
Services
• Telephone companies
provide two types of
services:
 Analog Services
 Analog Switched
Services
 Analog Leased
Services
 Digital Services
 Switched /56
Service
 Digital Data
Service
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• After traditional dial-
up modems reached
their peak data rate,
telephone companies
developed another
technology, DSL, to
provide higher-speed
access to the Internet
• DSL supports high-

speed digital
communication over
the existing telephone
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• DSL technology is a
set of technologies,
each differing in the
first letter (ADSL,
VDSL, HDSL, and
SDSL)
ADSL Point-to-Point Network
Cable Network
• The Cable TV networks
were initially created to
provide remote
subscribers access to TV
programs
• Cable networks enabled
access to remote
broadcasting stations via
microwave connections
• Cable TV also found a
good ISP market by using
some of the channels
originally designed for
video
Traditional Cable Networks
• Cable TV started to
distribute broadcast
video signals to
locations with poor or
no reception in the late
1940s
• It was called community

antenna television
(CATV) because an
antenna at the top of a
tall hill or building
received the signals
from the TV stations
Traditional Cable TV Network
Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) Network
• Second generation of
cable network is called
a Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial
(HFC) network
• The network uses a

combination of fiber-
optic and coaxial cable
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC) Network
Cable TV for Data Transfer
• Cable companies are
now competing with
telephone companies
for the residential
customer who wants
high-speed data
transfer
• DSL technology
provides high-data-
rate connections for
residential subscribers
over the local loop BUT
UTP is susceptible to
Interfence
Cable TV for Data Transfer
• This imposes an upper
limit on the data rate.
A solution is the use
of the cable TV
network
Division of Coaxial Cable Band by CATV
Cable Modem Transmission System (CMTS)

D - C - Chapter - 14 - Topic 191 To 196 (Part 1)

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Other Wired Networks

• Wide Area Networks

• Plain Old Telephone

• With the advent of the

• The telephone network

• A small state may have

• A LATA boundary may

• Carrier that handles

• DSL supports high-

• It was called community

• The network uses a

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