CD 145

SOCIAL CHANGE &

DEVELOPMENT
PERSPECTIVE IN CD
SOCIAL
CHANGE
 Sociologists define social change as changes in human
interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social
institutions. These changes occur over time and often have
profound and long-term consequences for society.

 Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society

which may include changes in social institutions, social
behaviors or social relations. Wikipedia.
Why social change important?

 Social change leads to increased awareness and more

understanding due to the presence of more information in the
community, which enables people to make informed decisions
based on the scenario at hand.

 In the social development theory, Leo Vygotsky primarily

explains that socialization affects the learning process in an
individual. It tries to explain consciousness or awareness as the
result of socialization. This means that when we talk to our peers
or adults, we talk to them for the sake of communication.
What are the 4 types of social
change?
Social change may be driven through
cultural, religious, economic,
environmental, scientific or
technological forces.
 The three traditional ideas of social change—decline, cyclic change, and
progress—have unquestionably influenced modern theories. Yet because
these theories are not scientifically determined, they fail to make an explicit
distinction between decline and progress.
 Development theory is a collection of theories about how desirable change
in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social science
disciplines and approaches. In this article, multiple theories are discussed,
as are recent developments with regard to these theories. Wikipedia
 Development as Freedom is a popular summary of economist Amartya
Sen's work on development. In it he explores the relationship between
freedom and development, the ways in which freedom is both a basic
constituent of development in itself and an enabling key to other aspects
 Development is the process of expanding human freedom. It is “the
enhancement of freedoms that allow people to lead lives that they have
reason to live”
What is the goal of development as freedom?
 Freedom of opportunity, including freedom to access credit; and.
economic protection from abject poverty, including through income
supplements and unemployment relief.

What is the importance of achieving of our freedom?

 Freedom allows us the opportunity to pursue happiness while
ensuring our rights are protected at all times; this includes things like
religious freedom and speech rights as well as many others that have
been granted under law throughout history (such as voting rights).Apr
27, 2022
What is freedom in your own words?
 the absence of necessity, coercion, or constraint in choice or action.
liberation from slavery or from the power of another. boldness of
conception or execution.
What is the essence of freedom in your life?
 However, the pure essence of freedom is freeing yourself to be who you
are no matter who you are. To free yourself from the fear of others
knowing who you are and respecting yourself for who you are, are the
most crucial steps for inner peace.

What is the main essence of freedom?

 Freedom is a condition whereby citizens uphold the power to think,
speak and act as per the use of universal reason as a sovereign subject
and change the society in a desirable course. Rights-based political
culture, however, only helps organized groups of society.
Economic Development is programs, policies or activities that seek to improve
the economic well-being and quality of life for a community. What “economic
development” means to you will depend on the community you live in. Each
community has its own opportunities, challenges, and priorities.
What is economic development and example?
 Economic development is defined as an increase in a country's wealth and
standard of living. For example, Improved productivity, higher literacy rates,
and better public education are all consequences of economic development in a
country.
What is economic development and why is it important?
 Economic Development is the creation of wealth from which community
benefits are realized. It is more than a jobs program, it's an investment in
growing your economy and enhancing the prosperity and quality of life for all
residents. Economic development means different things to different people.
Stages of Economic Growth and Economic Development

Still, most development economists agree that the key stages of development

are related to three different transitions: a) a structural transformation of the

economy, b) a demographic transition, and c) a process of urbanization.

Defines structural transformation as a distinctive feature of economic growth

that occurs when a sustained period of rising income and living standards

coincides with changes in the distribution of economic activity across three

broad sectors of an economy—agriculture, industry, and services.

Why is Economic transformation important?
 Economic transformation and inclusive, sustainable growth, achieved through
deeper structural changes and market integration as well as effective measures to
correct market failures, hold the key to delivering higher-paying jobs in developing
countries.
What is an example of economic transformation?
 Economic transformation involves moving labor from low to higher productive
activities This includes between sectors to higher value activities (for example, from
agriculture to manufacturing) and within sectors (for example, from subsistence
farming to high-value crops).
What is the demographic transition and why is it important?
 Demographic transition posits that with improvements in health, mortality rates start
to drop faster than fertility rates. This results in a short-lived increase in family size.
Due to the lag between mortality and fertility, population will increase,
urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently
concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities. The definition of what
constitutes a city changes from time to time and place to place, but it is most usual
to explain the term as a matter of demographics
What is the example of participatory development?
 An example of this is the active participation of the public in their local town planning,
aspects such as the quality of their public transport system, parking, zones for loading and
unloading, etc.
What is participatory and examples?
 If something is participatory, it allows or requires you to participate, or join in. In high
school, classes are participatory: they require you to join in by doing your homework and
taking part in discussions.
What are the 5 benefits of participatory development?
See the benefits of community participation below:
• Promotes sense of belongingness.
• Better health and well-being.
• Set goals and improve skills.
• Gives purpose and sense of contribution.
• Adapt and develop new skills.
• Acceptance and recognition.
• Increases social networks.
• Enhances social support.
 Participatory development (PD) seeks to engage local populations in
development projects. Participatory development has taken a variety of
forms since it emerged in the 1970s, when it was introduced as an
important part of the "basic needs approach" to development.[1] Most
manifestations of public participation in development seek "to give the
poor a part in initiatives designed for their benefit" in the hopes that
development projects will be more sustainable and successful if local
populations are engaged in the development process.[1] PD has become
an increasingly accepted method of development practice and is
employed by a variety of organizations.[2] It is often presented as an
alternative to mainstream "top-down" development.[2] There is some
question about the proper definition of PD as it varies depending on the
perspective applied. Two perspectives that can define PD are the "Social
Movement Perspective" and the "Institutional Perspective":
Stages of a participatory development project from an institutional perspective:
1. Research Stage is where the development problem is accurately defined. All relevant
stakeholders can be involved in this process. The research around the development problem
can include studying previous experiences, individual and community knowledge and
attitudes, existing policies and other relevant contextual information related to socio-
economic conditions, culture, spirituality, gender, etc.
2. Design Stage defines the actual activities. A participatory approach helps to secure the
ownership and commitment of the communities involved. Active participation by local
citizens and other stakeholders aims to enhance both the quality and relevance of the
suggested interventions.
3. Implementation Stage is when the planned intervention is implemented. Participation at
this stage increases commitment, relevance and sustainability.
4. Evaluation Stage participation ensures that the most significant changes are voiced,
brought to common attention and assessed. For a meaningful evaluation, indicators and
measurements should be defined in a participatory process at the very beginning of the
initiative involving all relevant stakeholders.[5]
 Features of participatory development
1. Passive participation is the least participatory of the four
approaches. Primary stakeholders of a project participate by being
informed about what is going to happen or has already happened.
People’s feedback is minimal or non- existent, and their participation is
assessed through methods like head counting and contribution to the
discussion (sometimes referred to as participation by information).[11]
2. Participation by consultation is an extractive process, whereby
stakeholders provide answers to questions posed by outside researchers
or experts. Input is not limited to meetings but can be provided at
different points in time. In the final analysis, however, this consultative
process keeps all the decision- making power in the hands of external
professionals who are under no obligation to incorporate stakeholders'
input.[11]
3. Participation by collaboration forms groups of primary stakeholders to
participate in the discussion and analysis of predetermined objectives set by the
project. This level of participation does not usually result in dramatic changes in
what should be accomplished, which is often already determined. It does,
however, require an active involvement in the decision-making process about
how to achieve it. This incorporates a component of horizontal communication
and capacity building among all stakeholders—a joint collaborative effort. Even
if initially dependent on outside facilitators and experts, with time collaborative
participation has the potential to evolve into an independent form of
participation.[11]
4. Empowerment participation is where primary stakeholders are capable and
willing to initiate the process and take part in the analysis. This leads to joint
decision making about what should be achieved and how. While outsiders are
equal partners in the development effort, the primary stakeholders are primus
inter pares, i.e., they are equal partners with a significant say in decisions
concerning their lives. Dialogue identifies and analyzes critical issues, and an
exchange of knowledge and experiences leads to solutions. Ownership and
control of the process rest in the hands of the primary stakeholders.[11]
  END -

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

  