chapter3-IP Addressing
chapter3-IP Addressing
IP Addressing
IP Addressing
• Binary notation
refers to the fact
that computers
communicate in 1s and 0s
• Converting binary
to decimal requires
an understanding of
the mathematical basis of a
numbering system –
positional notation
IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System
Converting a Binary Address to Decimal
Practice
Converting from Decimal to Binary
Converting from Decimal to Binary Conversions
IPv4 Subnet Mask
Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4 Address
Verification
In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of three different ways:
1.Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to an individual host.
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host to all hosts in the
network
Routers do not
Directed broadcast
forward a limited
• Destination
broadcast!
172.16.4.255
• Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
network
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts,
possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing information exchanged by routing
protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255 (Example: 224.0.1.1 has been
reserved for Network Time Protocol)
Types of IPv4 Address
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
Private address blocks are:
• Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can use private addresses
• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Shared address space addresses:
• Not globally routable
• Intended only for use in service provider networks
• Address block is 100.64.0.0/10
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
• Network and Broadcast addresses - within each network the first and last
addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
• Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts use to direct traffic to
themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 are reserved)
• Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 (169.254.0.0/16) addresses
can be automatically assigned to the local host
• TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24) set aside for
teaching and learning purposes, used in documentation and network examples
• Experimental addresses - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 are listed as reserved
Legacy Classful Addressing
Legacy Classful Addressing
• Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR, pronounced “cider
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to allocate IPv4 addresses
on any address bit boundary (prefix length) instead of only by a class A, B, or C address
Assignment of IP Addresses
• Traceroute (tracert)
• Generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along the path
• Provides important verification and troubleshooting information
• If the data reaches the destination, then the trace lists the interface of every router
in the path between the hosts
• If the data fails at some hop along the way, the address of the last router that
responded to the trace can provide an indication of where the problem or security
restrictions are found
• Provides round trip time for each hop along the path and indicates if a hop fails
to respond
Subnetting IP Networks
Network Segmentation/Reasons for Subnetting
Borrowing 1 Bit from the host portion creates 2 subnets with the same subnet mask
Subnet 0 Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25 Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Mask: 255.255.255.128 Mask: 255.255.255.128
Subnets in Use
Subnet 0
Network 192.168.1.0-127/25
Subnet 1
Network 192.168.1.128-255/25
Subnetting Formulas
Sample Network
Addressing Plan