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Lecture - 02 - Digital Image Fundamentals

Digital images are represented by pixel values that indicate brightness levels at spatial coordinates. Pixel values are determined by illumination and reflectance components. During digitization, images are sampled at spatial coordinates and pixel values are quantized to a finite number of levels. Common resolutions are 640x480 up to 4064x2704 for digital cameras. RGB images represent color using red, green, and blue pixel values. Basic relationships between pixels include adjacency, connectivity and distance measures.

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57 views

Lecture - 02 - Digital Image Fundamentals

Digital images are represented by pixel values that indicate brightness levels at spatial coordinates. Pixel values are determined by illumination and reflectance components. During digitization, images are sampled at spatial coordinates and pixel values are quantized to a finite number of levels. Common resolutions are 640x480 up to 4064x2704 for digital cameras. RGB images represent color using red, green, and blue pixel values. Basic relationships between pixels include adjacency, connectivity and distance measures.

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ELahore Bazaar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Digital Image Processing

Lecture 2: Digital Image Fundamentals

Dr. Arfan Jaffar


Image Acquisition
Image Description
f (x,y): intensity/brightness of the image at spatial coordinates
(x,y)

0< f (x,y)<∞ and determined by 2 factors:


illumination component i(x,y): amount of source light
incident
reflectance component r(x,y): amount of light reflected by
objects

f (x,y) = i(x,y)r(x,y)
Where 0< i(x,y)<∞: determined by the light source
0< r(x,y)<1: determined by the characteristics of objects
(0= Total Absorption, 1= Total Reflectance)
Sampling and Quantization
Sampling and Quantization

Sampling: Digitization of the spatial coordinates (x,y)


Quantization: Digitization in amplitude (also called gray-level
quantization)

8 bit quantization: 28 =256 gray levels (0: black, 255: white)


Binary (1 bit quantization):2 gray levels (0: black, 1: white)

Commonly used number of samples (resolution)


Digital still cameras: 640x480, 1024x1024, up to 4064 x 2704
Digital video cameras: 640x480 at 30 frames/second 1920x1080 at
60 f/s (HDTV)
Sampling and Quantization
Digital image is expressed as
Sampling
Effect of Sampling and Quantization
RGB (color) Images
Image Acquisition
Basic Relationships between Pixels
Basic Relationships between Pixels
Basic Relationships between Pixels
Basic Relationships between Pixels
Distance Measures

Chessboard distance between p and q:

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