mathematics in

the modern
world
Lesson 2: Mathematics in our
World

2
Objective
1. To develop one’s understanding about
patterns;
2. To identify different patterns in nature;
3. To recognize different symmetries in nature;
and
4. To explain the presence of Fibonacci
numbers in nature
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 The mathematics in our world is rooted in patterns.
Patterns are all around us.
A pattern is a structure, form, or design that is regular,
consistent, or recurring. Patterns can be found in nature, in
human-made designs, or in abstract ideas. They occur in
different contexts and various forms. Because patterns are
repetitive and duplicative, their underlying structure
regularities can be modelled mathematically.

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Different Kinds of Pattern
Patterns of Visuals. Visual patterns are often unpredictable, never
quite repeatable, and often contain fractals. These patterns can be
seen from the seeds and pinecones to the branches and leaves.
They are also visible in self-similar replication of trees, ferns, and
plants throughout nature.
Patterns of Flow. The flow of liquids provides an inexhaustible
supply of nature’s patterns. Patterns of flow are usually found in
the water, stone, and even in the growth of trees. There is also a
flow pattern present in meandering rivers with the repetition of
undulating lines.

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Different Kinds of Pattern
Patterns of Rhythm. Rhythm is conceivably the most basic pattern in
nature. Our hearts and lungs follow a regular repeated pattern of sounds
or movement whose timing is adapted to our body’s needs. Many of
nature’s rhythms are most likely similar to a heartbeat, while others are
like breathing. The beating of the heart, as well as breathing, have a
default pattern.
Patterns of Movement. In the human walk, the feet strike the ground in a regular
rhythm: the left-right-left-right-left rhythm. When a horse, a four-legged creature
walks, there is more of a complex but equally rhythmic pattern. This prevalence of
pattern in locomotion extends to the scuttling of insects, the flights of birds, the
pulsations of jellyfish, and also the wave-like movements of fish, worms, and
snakes.

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Different Kinds of Pattern
Patterns of Texture. A texture is a quality of a certain object that we sense
through touch. It exists as a literal surface that we can feel, see, and imagine.
Textures are of many kinds. It can be bristly, and rough, but it can also be
smooth, cold, and hard.

Geometric Patterns. A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern which consists

of series of shapes that are typically repeated. These are regularities in the
natural world that are repeated in a predictable manner. Geometrical
patterns are usually visible on cacti and succulents.

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8
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Symmetries
In mathematics, if a figure can be folded or divided into two
with two halves which are the same, such figure is called a
symmetric figure. Symmetry has a vital role in pattern
formation. It is used to classify and organize information
about patterns by classifying the motion or deformation of
both pattern structures and processes. There are many
kinds of symmetry, and the most important ones are
reflections, rotations, and translations. These kinds of
symmetries are less formally called flips, turns, and slides.

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Different Kinds of Symmetry
Reflection symmetry, sometimes called line symmetry or mirror
symmetry, captures symmetries when the left half of a pattern is the
same as the right half.

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Different Kinds of Symmetry
Rotations, also known as rotational symmetry, captures symmetries when it
still looks the same after some rotation (of less than one full turn). The
degree of rotational symmetry of an object is recognized by the number of
distinct orientations in which it looks the same for each rotation.

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Different Kinds of Symmetry
Translations. This is another type of symmetry. Translational symmetry exists in
patterns that we see in nature and in man-made objects. Translations acquire
symmetries when units are repeated and turn out having identical figures, like
the bees’ honeycomb with hexagonal tiles.

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Human Body
Animal Movement
The human body is one of the pieces of
The symmetry of motion is present in
evidence that there is symmetry in nature.
animal movements. When animals move,
Our body exhibits bilateral symmetry. It
we can see that their movements also
can be divided into two identical halves.
exhibit symmetry.

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Lesson 3: The Fibonacci Sequence

Prepared by:
Manuelito B. Villanueva
GEd 102 Instructor

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Specific Objectives
1. To define sequence and its types
2. To differentiate Fibonacci sequence from
other types of sequence
3. To discover golden ratio and golden
rectangle; and
4. To learn how to compute for the nth term in
the Fibonacci Sequence

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Sequence refers to an ordered list of
numbers called terms, that may have
repeated values.

1, 3, 5, 7, …
(1st term) (2nd term) (3rd term) (4th term)

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TYPES OF SEQUENCE

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Arithmetic sequence. It is a sequence
of numbers that follows a definite
pattern.
Example:
2, -4, -10, -16,…
1, 3, 5, 7,…

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Formula:
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =
2
[ 2 𝑎 1 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ]
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 =
2
[ 𝑎1 +𝑎 𝑛 ]

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Example:
Find the 10th term and sum of the
sequence of 1, 3, 5, 7,…_____

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Example:
Find the 10th term and sum of the sequence of 1, 3, 5, 7,…_____

d=2

n=10

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1, 3, 5, 7,… d=2,
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [ 2 𝑎 1 + ( 𝑛− 1 ) 𝑑 ] 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛
[ 𝑎1 +𝑎 𝑛 ]
2 2
10
𝑆10 =
2
[ 2(1)+ ( 10− 1 ) 2 ] 𝑆10 =
10
[ 1+ 19 ]
2
𝑆10 =5 [ 2 + ( 9 ) 2 ]
𝑆10 =5 [ 20 ]
𝑆10 =5 [ 2+ 18 ]
𝑆10 =5 [ 20 ] 𝑆10 =100
𝑆10 =100

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Geometric sequence. If in the arithmetic
sequence we need to check for the common
difference, in geometric sequence we need
to look for the common ratio.
Example:
2, 6, 18, 54…

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Formula:

an = a1 r(n-1) Sn =

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Example:
Find the 6th term and sum of the
sequence 2, 6, 18, 54…

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Example:
Find the 6th term and sum of the sequence 2,
6, 18, 54… r=3,
an = a1 r(n-1)
a6 = 2(3)(6-1)
a6 = 2(3)(5)
a6 = 2(243)
a6 =486

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Example:
Find the 6th term and sum of the sequence 2, 6, 18, 54… 162 , 486
Sn =

S6 = S6 =

S6 =

S6 =

S6 =

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Harmonic Sequence. In the sequence, the reciprocal of the terms
behaved in a manner like arithmetic sequence.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkGeOWYOFoA

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The Fibonacci sequence is a series of
numbers governed by some unusual
arithmetic rule. The sequence is organized in
a way a number can be obtained by adding
the two previous numbers.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …

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 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
To explore a little bit more about the Fibonacci
sequence, the location of the term was
conventionally tagged as Fib(𝑛). This means that
Fib(1)=1, Fib(2)=1, Fib(3)=2 and Fib(4)=3. In this
method, the Fib(𝑛) is actually referring to the 𝑛th
term of the sequence.

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 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …

Fib (2) + Fib (6) = _?__

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Formula for computing for the nth term in the
Fibonacci Sequence
𝝋 𝒏 −(𝟏 −𝝋 )𝒏
𝒙𝒏 =
√𝟓
Where:
Xn stands for the Fibonacci number we’re looking for
N stands for the position of the number in the Fibonacci
sequence
stands for the value of the golden ratio

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 What is the 5th Fibonacci number?
(1.618)5   −  (1−1.618) 5
𝒙𝒏 =
√𝟓 11.1791
𝒙𝟓 =
𝒙𝟓 =
11.0890     −( −0. 618)5 √𝟓
√𝟓
𝒙 𝟓 =11.0890     −(− .𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟏 ¿ ¿ 𝒙 𝟓 =𝟒 . 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟒
√𝟓
11.0890     +0.𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟏
𝒙𝟓 =
√𝟓 X5= 5
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