Introduction to Programming in C++

Eighth Edition

Chapter 10: Void Functions

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duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole
or in part.
 Objectives

• Create a void function

• Invoke a void function
• Pass information by reference to a function

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 2
or in part.
 Functions

• Recall that value-returning functions perform a task and

then return a single value
• Void functions also perform tasks but do not return a
value
• A void function may be used to do something like
display information on the screen
– Doesn’t need to return a value

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 3
or in part.
 Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-1 Illustration of value-returning and void functions

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 4
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions

Figure 10-2 How to create a program-defined void function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 5
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)
• Note that header begins with keyword void, instead of
a return data type
– Indicates that the function does not return a value
• Function body does not contain a return statement
• Call a void function by including its name and actual
arguments (if any) in a statement
• Call to a void function appears as a self-contained
statement, not part of another statement
• Execution is same as for value-returning functions

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 6
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-3 How to call (invoke) a void function

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 7
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-4 Problem specification, IPO chart information and

C++ instructions for the Martin Sports Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 8
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-4 Problem specification, IPO chart information and

C++ instructions for the Martin Sports Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 9
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-4 Problem specification, IPO chart information and

C++ instructions for the Martin Sports Program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 10
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-5 Martin Sports Program

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 11
or in part.
 Creating Program-Defined Void
Functions (cont’d.)

Figure 10-6 Sample run of the Martin Sports Program

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 12
or in part.
 Passing Variables to a Function

• Recall you can pass a variable’s value or its address

• Passing a variable’s value is referred to as passing by
value, while passing a variable’s address is referred to as
passing by reference 
• Which one you choose depends on whether the receiving
function should have access to the variable in memory
• Passing by value will not permit the function to change
the contents of the variable, but passing by reference will

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 13
or in part.
 Passing Variables to a Function
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-7 Illustrations of passing by value and passing by reference

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 14
or in part.
 Reviewing Passing Variables by Value

• Passing a variable by value means that only a copy of

the variable’s contents is passed, not the address of the
variable
• This means that the receiving function cannot change
the contents of the variable
• It is thus appropriate to pass by value when the
receiving function needs to know the value of the
variable but does not need to change it

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 15
or in part.
 Reviewing Passing Variables by Value
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-8 Beginning of Company Ratings Program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 16
or in part.
 Reviewing Passing Variables by Value
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-8 Completion of Company Ratings Program and sample run

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 17
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference

• Passing a variable’s address in internal memory to a

function is referred to as passing by reference
• You pass by reference when you want the receiving
function to change the contents of the variable
• To pass by reference in C++, you include an ampersand
(&) before the name of the formal parameter in the
receiving function’s header
• Ampersand (&) is the address-of operator
– Tells the computer to pass the variable’s address rather
than a copy of its contents

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 18
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference
(cont’d.)
• If receiving function appears below main, you must
also include the & in the receiving function’s prototype
• You enter the & immediately before the name of the
formal parameter in the prototype
– If the prototype does not contain the formal parameter’s
name, you enter a space followed by & after the formal
parameter’s data type
• Void functions use variables passed by reference to send
information back to the calling function, instead of a
return value

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 19
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-11 Beginning of Tips Program

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 20
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-11 Completion of Tips Program and sample run

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 21
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-12 Desk-check table before the getTips function is called

Figure 10-13 Desk-check table after getTips function header is processed

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 22
or in part.
 Passing Variables by Reference
(cont’d.)

Figure 10-14 Desk-check table after the statements in the getTips

function are processed

Figure 10-15 Desk-check table after getTips function ends

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 23
or in part.
 Summary

• All functions are either void or value-returning

• Value-returning functions return one value
• Void functions do not return a value
• Function header of a void function begins with the
keyword void instead of a return data type
• Function body of a void function does not contain a
return statement
• You call a void function by including its name and actual
arguments in a statement

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 24
or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• A call to a void function appears as a statement by itself

rather than as part of another statement
• Variables can be passed to functions either by value
(the default) or by reference
• When a variable is passed by value, only a copy of the
variable’s value is passed
– Receiving function is not given access to the variable, so it
cannot change the variable’s contents
– Computer uses data type and name of formal parameter
to store a copy of the value

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 25
or in part.
 Summary (cont’d.)

• When a variable is passed by reference, the variable’s

address in memory is passed
– Receiving function can change variable’s contents
– Computer assigns name of formal parameter to memory
location – variable then has two names
• To pass by reference you include the address-of
operator (&) before the name of the formal parameter
in function header
• If function appears below main, you must also include
the & in the function’s prototype

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 26
or in part.
 Lab 10-1: Stop and Analyze

• Study the code in Figure 10-17 and then answer the

questions (sample run below)

Figure 10-16 Sample run of program for Lab 10-1

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 27
or in part.
 Lab 10-1: Stop and Analyze (cont’d.)

Figure 10-17 Beginning of code for Lab 10-1

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 28
or in part.
 Lab 10-1: Stop and Analyze (cont’d.)

Figure 10-17 Completion of code for Lab 10-1

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 29
or in part.
 Lab 10-2: Plan and Create

Figure 10-18 Problem specification and a sample calculation for Lab 10-2

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 30
or in part.
 Lab 10-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 10-21 Beginning of IPO chart information

and C++ instructions for Lab 10-2’s program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 31
or in part.
 Lab 10-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 10-21 Completion of IPO chart information

and C++ instructions for Lab 10-2’s program
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 32
or in part.
 Lab 10-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 10-22 Beginning of Lab 10-2’s program

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or
An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 33
or in part.
 Lab 10-2: Plan and Create (cont’d.)

Figure 10-22 Completion of Lab 10-2’s program

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 34
or in part.
 Lab 10-3: Modify

• Modify the program in Lab10-2.cpp by changing the

getRegular and getBoGo functions to value-returning
functions. Save the modified program as Lab10-3.cpp
• Save, run, and test the program.

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 35
or in part.
 Lab 10-4: What’s Missing?

• The program is this lab should display an employee’s

raise and new salary, given his or her current salary.
• Follow the instructions for starting C++ and opening the
Lab10-4.cpp file. Put the C++ instructions in the proper
order, and then determine the one or more missing
instructions.
• Test the program appropriately.

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 36
or in part.
 Lab 10-5: Desk-Check

• Desk-check the code in Figure 10-24. What will the

program display?

Figure 10-24 Beginning of code for Lab 10-5

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 37
or in part.
 Lab 10-5: Desk-Check

Figure 10-24 Completion of code for Lab 10-5

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An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 38
or in part.
 Lab 10-6: Debug

• Run the program in the Lab10-6.cpp file

• Enter the following scores: 93, 90, 85, and 100
• The program should display 368 as the total points and
A as the grade
• Debug the program

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or

An Introduction to Programming with C++, Eighth Edition duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole 39
or in part.