BBA (N) - 103 Central Tendency

BBA(N)-103
Fundamentals Of Statistics
Measures Of Central Tendency:

Mean, Median, Mode
In previous topics we have discussed collection and representation of the data. Now
we need to discuss how to analyze the large represented data set. Suppose we want to
represent the Scores of Biology of class 9 batch of a school. Should we represent the
individual score data of each student of the class? certainly not. So how would we
represent scores of all students in a short and brief way. Here comes the concept of
Measures Central tendency. If we calculate the simple average score of all students
then we can represent the score of all students with the average score. Here in this
chapter we will discuss different measures of central tendency. There are three types
of Measures of central tendency
i)Mean or Average:
Suppose we have scores of 5 students out of 100 as follows
78,98,89,67,56.Then average or mean score will be denoted by x,‾
(∑xi)
‾
X= where n is total number of observation. Here
n
‾
X=78+98+89+67+56)/5=77.6
For grouped data the formula for mean
n
∑ xifi
i=1
X‾ = n
∑ fi
i=1
fi is the frequency corresponding to ith observation and xi

is the mid value of ith class.
Let us explain through an example
Suppose we have one frequency distribution data
Class Frequency(fi)
15-17 5
17-19 6
19-21 8
21-23 12
23-25 22
25-27 18
27-29 15
29-31 9
31-33 5
33-35 7
Table:1
Now we need to calculate mean of the frequency distribution by the
following procedure

Class Frequency(fi) Mid value(xi) xi*fi
15-17 5 16 80
17-19 6 18 108
19-21 8 20 160
21-23 12 22 264
23-25 22 24 528
25-27 18 26 468
27-29 15 28 420
29-31 9 30 270
31-33 5 32 160
33-35 7 34 238
∑ fi=107 ∑ xifi=2696
‾
So, X=(2696/107)=25.196
Step Deviation Method or Short cut method of calculating mean:
Using step-deviation method, find the mean of the following distribution.
Here A = 65, h = 10=Class Interval
l
ii)Median:
Median means middle most value of those observations after arranging those
observations in ascending order. Suppose we have total n number of observations
then median of the those observations will be (n+1)/2th observation (If n is odd
number) and average between n/2th and (n/2+1)th observation (if n is even).Let us
consider the previous example i.e. scores of 5 students 78,98,89,67,56.First arrange
these scores in ascending order 56,67,78,89,98.Now we can see that here n=5 is odd.
So median is (n+1)/2th observation. So (5+1)/2=3rd observation i.e. 78 is the median
of scores. If we add one more observation like 99 with the previous example median
value will average between 78 and 89 i.e. 83.5(As total number of
observation=6=even).For grouped data the formula for median is
Median= l + h (N/2-C)
f
l=Lower limit of the Median Class
h=Class interval
f=Frequency of Median Class
C=Cumulative Frequency of Previous of the Median Class.
N=Total frequency
Let us explain through an example let's consider the data in Table No.
1.

Class Frequency(fi) Cumulative Frequency
15-17 5 5
17-19 6 11
19-21 8 19
21-23 12 31
23-25 22 53
25-27 18 71
27-29 15 86
29-31 9 95
31-33 5 100
33-35 7 107
∑fi=107
1st step: 1st calculate N/2=107/2=53.5 now observe the cumulative frequency just
greater than 53.5. Here it is 71 so corresponding class i.e. 25-27 is the median class.
l=lower class limit of the median class=25
2nd step: Here f=Frequency corresponding to median class=18 h=27-25=2,

C=Cumulative frequency of the previous of the median class=53
3rd step:
h (N/2-C) 2.(53.5-53)
Median=I+ f =25+ 18
=25.06
iii)Mode:
Mode of observations is actually one observation with highest frequency. Suppose we
have 7 observations like 2,2,2,3,3,5,6.Here we can observe that observation 2 is
repeating thrice. So here mode of the observation is 2. For grouped data the formula
for mode is
h(f₁-f₀)
Mode=l+ (2f₂-f₁-f₀)
Where
l=Lower Class limit of Modal Class.
h=Class interval of Modal Class
f₁= Frequency of Modal Class
f₂= Next Frequency of Modal Class
f₀= Previous Frequency of Modal Class
Let us consider the previous example of Table No. 1.

Class Frequency(fi)
15-17 5
17-19 6
19-21 8
21-23 12
23-25 22
25-27 18
27-29 15
29-31 9
31-33 5
33-35 7
Calculation Of Mode:
Step 1:
Observe the class with highest frequency here we can see that the 23-25
class has the highest frequency 22.Here l=23.h=25-23=2
Step 2:
Here,
f₁= Frequency of Modal Class=22
f₂= Next Frequency of Modal Class=12
f₀= Previous Frequency of Modal Class=18
Step 3:
h(f₁-f₀) 2.(22-12)
Mode=I+ (2f₂-f₁-f₀) = 23+ 2.22-12-18
=24.42
So, Mode of the frequency distribution=24.42

Problems on Missing Frequencies:
1.The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all frequencies is 50.
Compute the missing frequencies f1 and f2.
Class Frequency
0-20 5
20-40 f1
40-60 10
60-80 f2
80-100 7
100-120 8
Class midpoint (x) f fx
0 - 20 10 5 50
20 - 40 30 f1 30f1
40 - 60 50 10 500
60 - 80 70 f2 70f2
80 - 100 90 7 630
100 - 120 110 8 880
Σf = 5 + f1 + 10 + f2 + 7 + 8
Σf = 30 + f1 + f2
50 = 30 + f1 + f2
f1 + f2 = 20 -----(1)
Σfx = 50 + 30f1 + 500 + 70f2 + 630 + 880
Σfx = 2060 + 30f1 + 70f2
Σfx/Σf = (2060 + 30f1 + 70f2)/50 = 62.8
2060 + 30f1 + 70f2 = 62.8X50
2060 + 30f1 + 70f2 = 3140
30f1 + 70f2 = 3140 - 2060
30f1 + 70f2 = 1080
3f1 + 7f2 = 108 -----(2)

(2) - 3(1) we get
-4f2 = -48
f2 = 12
Substitute f2 = 12 in (1).
f1 + 12 = 20
f1 = 8
So, the missing frequencies are 8 and 12.

2.Find the missing frequencies in the following distribution. It is given that median of the
distribution is 41 and the total number of observations is 82.
Class :10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 - 70
Frequency : 10 f1 15 20 f2 11
Sol:
Class Frequency C.F(Less Than Type)
10-20 10 10
20-30 f1 10+f1
30-40 15 25+f1
40-50 20 45+f1
50-60 f2 45+f1+f2
60-70 11 56+f1+f2
Total number of observations = 82 = 56 + f1 + f2
Median = 41 (given)
Thus, median class is 40 - 50
n = 82
3.The mode of the following data is 85.7. Find the missing frequency in it.
Size Frequency
45-55 7
55-65 12
65-75 17
75-85 f
85-95 32
95-105 6
105-115 10
Solution:
We know that formula of mode= l + h*
Here,
Mode=85.7
⇒ modal class =85−95
lower limit of modal class l=85
class size h=10
frequency of modal class f 1=32
preceding frequency of modal class f0=f
succeeding frequency of modal class f2=6
∴85.7=85+
∴85.7=85+
∴85.7×(58−f)=85(58−f)+(320−10f)
∴4970.6−85.7f=4930−85f+320−10f
∴−279.4=−9.3f
∴f=30.04≈30
so value of the missing frequency is 30
THANK YOU
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BBA(N)-103

Measures Of Central Tendency:

fi is the frequency corresponding to ith observation and xi

2nd step: Here f=Frequency corresponding to median class=18 h=27-25=2,

Let us consider the previous example of Table No. 1.

So, Mode of the frequency distribution=24.42

100 - 120 110 8 880

Σfx = 2060 + 30f1 + 70f2

Σfx/Σf = (2060 + 30f1 + 70f2)/50 = 62.8

2060 + 30f1 + 70f2 = 62.8X50

2060 + 30f1 + 70f2 = 3140

30f1 + 70f2 = 3140 - 2060

30f1 + 70f2 = 1080

3f1 + 7f2 = 108 -----(2)

So, the missing frequencies are 8 and 12.

Class Frequency C.F(Less Than Type)

Thus, median class is 40 - 50

We know that formula of mode= l + h*

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