Presentation Outline

 Need
 Working Principle
 Types of Transformers
 Construction Features
 Transformers Accessories
 Major Transformers in Power Plants
 Transformer Losses
 Condition Monitoring of Transformers
WHY TRANSFORMER

 TO OPTIMIZE COST OF BULK TRANSMISSION OF POWER FROM

GENERATORS TO CONSUMERS
 REDUCTION IN TRANSMISSION LOSS
 TO REDUCE OR INCREASE VOLTAGE IN AC SYSTEM
 ENABLES SAFE SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO CONSUMERS
 ISOLATION OF TWO SYSTEMS FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
 What are the Types of
Transformers
Power transformers : Used in transmission network of
higher voltages, deployed for step-up and step down
transformer application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV,
33kV , 22kV)

Distribution transformers: Used for lower voltage

distribution networks as a means to end user
connectivity. (11kV , 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V , 230V )
 Working Principle

 If a time-varying voltage is applied to the primary winding of turns, a

current will flow in it producing a magnetomotive force (MMF). Just as an
electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so
MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary
MMF produces a varying magnetic flux in the core, and, with an open
circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF). In
accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage induced across
the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux:  
 Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
where
• Vp and Vs are the voltages across the primary
winding and secondary winding,
• Np and Ns are the numbers of turns in the primary
winding and secondary winding,
• dΦP / dt and dΦS / dt are the derivatives of the flux
with respect to time of the primary and secondary
windings.
 Classifications

Transformers are adapted to numerous engineering applications and may

be classified in many ways:
 By power level:
(from fraction of a volt-ampere(VA) to over a thousand MVA),
 By application:
(power supply, impedance matching, circuit isolation),
 By frequency range:
(power, audio, radio frequency(RF))
 By voltage class:
(a few volts to about 765 kilovolts)
By cooling type:
(air cooled, oil filled, fan cooled, water cooled (Natural/ Forced) etc.)
By purpose:
(distribution, rectifier, arc furnace, amplifier output, etc.).
By ratio of the number of turns in the coils
Step-up The secondary has more turns than the primary.
Step-down The secondary has fewer turns than the primary.
Connection :
Single phase, Star / star, Star delta etc.
 Basic Components of a Transformer

 Current conductors – Primary & Secondary Windings

 •Magnetic flux conductor - Laminated Steel Core

and also Insulation

 Cooling

 Protection

 Supporting accessories
 COMPONENTS

 Core

-The “conductor” for the flux

-The skeleton for mechanical rigidity of the active part
-The core, an unbroken path for magnetic flux

CRGO or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various

grades . The thickness of laminations vary from 0.30 mm to 0.5mm
 Types

The transformers are of two general types distinguished

from each other by the manner in which the primary and
secondary coils are placed around the laminated steel
core. They are
 Shell type and Core type.
Transformer Construction
CORE Type Transformer
SHELL Type Transformer
Wound core
Stacked core
 Transformer Insulation
Minor insulation Like inter turn insulation, is achieved using cellulogic
paper.
Major insulation Between primary and secondary, phase to phase and
inner coil to core. This is achieved by Bakelite, wooden blocks, cellulogic
paper cylinders.
Transformer Oil: derivative or petroleum crude. This has good dielectric
strength.
also a good cooling medium and absorbs heat from the windings in
transformer.
Thus mineral oil has a flash point of 140 °C and 160 °C fire point. This
also 'can Sustain the combustion with its own energy, once it catches fire.
Thus this is unsuitable for the transformer located indoors.
The indoor transformers are filled with a synthetic liquid known as
silicate liquid. This is fire assistant and has flash point well above 300 °C.
 Accessories & Auxiliaries

• Tap Changer(s)-(On load/Off load)

 Tank
 Radiators
 cooling fans, oil pumps, oil to water heat exchangers (Cooling ONAN / ONAF /
OFAF / OFWF external coolers)
 Bushings
 Buchholz Relay/Oil Surge Relay
 Temperature Indicators- WTI , OTI.
 Oil Level Indicators
 Pressure Relief Device
 Marshalling Box/Control cubicle
 Oil Preservation Systems: Conservators (gas sealed, Bellows/membrane sealed)
 Breathers: SILICA GEL
RADIATORS
Buchholz Relay
 Buchholz's Relay
 This has two Floats, one of them with surge
catching baffle and gas collecting space at top. This
is mounted in the connecting pipe line between
conservator and main tank. This is the most
dependable protection for a given transformer.
 Gas evolution at a slow rate, that is associated with
minor faults inside the transformers gives rise to the
operation or top float whose contacts are wired for
alarm. There is a glass window with marking to
read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Any
major fault in transformer creates a surge and the
surge element in the relay trips the transformer. size
of the relay varies with oil volume in the
transformer and the mounting angle also is
specified for proper operation of the relay.
 BUCHHOL’Z PROTECTION
 Alarm element Operates When a specified volume of gas gets
collected in Chamber during
Broken down core bolt insulation
 Shorted Laminations
 Bad Contacts
 Overheating of winding parts
 Trip element Operates by Oil surge in the event of serious fault
Short Circuit between Winding Phases or within Windings
Puncture of Bushing
Off Load Tap Changer
ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER
Conservator
 Conservator With the variation of temperature
there is corresponding variation in the
oil volume. To account for this, an
expansion vessel called conservator is
added to the transformer with a connecting
pipe to the main tank. In smaller
transformers this vessel is open to
atmosphere through dehydrating breathers
(to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an
air bag is mounted inside the conservator with
the inside of bag open to atmosphere through
the breathers and the outside surface of the bag
in contact with the oil surface
 AIR CELL

Flexible separator (Air Cell) is provided inside the conservator of power

transformers for avoiding direct contact of air with the transformer oil. Air Cell
provides a permanent, flexible and non porous barrier between the
atmosphere and the transformer oil without affecting the operational function
of the system.
The basic construction of the separator is a highly resistant fabric coated
externally to resist transformer oil and internally to Ozone and weather
resistant.
Flexible separators offer the following advantages :-
• Avoids contact between air and oil and consequently of condensation or
oxidation inside the transformer.
• Protection against water vapour and gases.
• Suppression of any gas bubble formation in oil.
• Compensation of large volume changes.
Contd.
SILICA GEL BREATHER
 Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly
hygroscopic. Paper being more hygroscopic than the
mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil
surface in conservator, thus will find its way finally into
the paper insulation and causes reduction insulation
strength of transformer. To minimise this the conservator
is allowed to breathe only through the silicagel column,
which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the-
conservator air surface.
 Temperature Indicators

 Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided
with indicators that displace oil temperature and winding temperature.
There are thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover
which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of
the top oil, where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect.
This is done by adding the temperature rise
 due to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as image coil) when a
current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or
top oil. For proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the
thermometers pocket clean and filled with oil.
Winding / Oil Temperature Indicator

OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

The oil temperature indicator consists of a sensor bulb,
capillary tube and a dial thermometer, the sensor bulb
is fitted at the location of hottest oil. The sensor bulb
and capillary tube are fitted with an evaporation liquid.
The vapour pressure varies with temperature and is
transmitted to a bourden tube inside the dial
thermometer, which moves in accordance with the
changes in pressure, which is proportional to the
temperature.
Pressure Relief Device/Expansion vent

 Transformers tank is a pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply
whenever there is a fault in the windings and the surrounding oil is suddenly
vaporized. Tanks as such are tested for a pressure with stand capacity of 0.35 Kg/
cm". To prevent bursting of the tank, these tanks are in addition provided with
expansion vents with a thin diaphragm made of bakelite/copper/glass at the end.
In present day transformers, pressure relief devices are replacing the expansion
vents. These are similar to safety valves on boilers (spring loaded).
Pressure Relief Device( PRD)
 Cooling of Transformers

 Heat is produced in the windings due to current flowing in the conductors (I- R)
and in the core on account of eddy currents and hysteresis losses.
Types: ONAN, ONAF , OFAF , OFWF.
 Air Cooled: In small dry type transformer heat is dissipated directly to the
atmosphere.
 Oil Cooled: In oil immersed transformers heat is dissipated by thermo-syphon
system action. The oil serves as the medium for transferring the heat produced
inside the transformer to the outside atmosphere. Based on Thermo-syphon
principle.
TRANSFORMER IN A POWER PLANT

 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER(GT)
 UNIT TRANSFORMER(UT)
 UNIT AUXILARY TRANSFORMER(UAT)
 NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRANSFORMER(NGT)
 DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER(DYT)
 Generator Transformer

 Generator Transformer The generator is connected to this transformer by means of

isolated bus ducts. This transformer is used to step up the generating voltage of
around 21KV to grid voltage 400kv. This transformer is generally provided with
OFAF cooling. It is also provided with off circuit/on load taps on the high voltage
side. This transformer has elaborate cooling system consisting of number of oil
pumps and cooling fans apart from various accessories.
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER
 SPECIFICATION OUR GT
MEIL TUTICORIN

COOLING TYPE : ONAN/ONAF /OFAF

RATED O/P(MVA) :126/168/210

RATED VOLT. (HV) :420KV

RATED VOLT. (LV) :21KV

RATED CURRENT(HV) :519.60/692.80/866A

RATED CURRENT(LV) :6000/8000/10000A

VECTOR GROUP :Ynd11
UNIT TRANSFORMER
 UNIT TRANSFORMER

COOLING TYPE : ONAN/ ONAF

RATED O/P(MVA) :48/68
RATED VOLT. (HV) :21KV
RATED VOLT. (LV) :11.5KV
RATED CURRENT(HV) :1319.66 /1649.67
RATED CURRENT(LV) :2409.81/3012.26
VECTOR GROUP :Dyn1
Unit Auxiliary Transformer
 UAT SPECIFICATION

MEIL TUTICORIN

COOLING TYPE :ONAN

RATED O/P(MVA) :12.5
RATED VOLT. (HV) :11KV
RATED VOLT. (LV) :3.45KV
RATED CURRENT(HV) :656.08 A
RATED CURRENT(LV) :2091.85 A
VECTOR GROUP :Dyn1
 Instrument Transformers

 Step down values to safe levels for measurement

 Potential Transformers
 Also called voltage transformers
 Standard output 120V
 Current Transformers
 Standard output of 1 or 5 amps
 Metering and relaying standards
 Can produce high voltages if open circuited
 Shunt reactor
A vital part of modern energy systems
A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus increasing the energy
efficiency of the system. It is the most compact device commonly used for reactive
power compensation in long high-voltage transmission lines and in cable systems.
The shunt reactor can be directly connected to the power line or to a tertiary
winding of a three-winding transformer.
The shunt reactor could be permanently connected or switched via a circuit breaker.
To improve the adjustment of the consumed reactive power the reactor can also
have a variable rating. If the load variation is slow, which it normally is (seasonal,
daily or hourly), a variable shunt reactor (VSR) could be an economical solution for
some customer applications.
Reactor
 Transformer losses

1. Load loss (or copper loss)

2. No load loss (or iron loss)

 The total transformer loss, PTOTAL, at any load level can then be
calculated from:
 PTOTAL = PNO-LOAD+ (% Load)2 x PLOAD
Transformer Loss vs. Load
DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS

 O2 (Oxygen)
 N2 (Nitrogen)
 CO2
 (Carbon dioxide)
 CO (Carbon monoxide)
 H2 (Hydrogen)
 CH4
 (Methane)
 C2H2 (Acetylene)
 C2H4 (Ethylene)
 C2H6 (Ethane)
 C3H6 (Propylene)
 C3H8 (Propane)
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
Contd.
DGA Report
ROUTINE / PERIODIC INSPECTION
SCHEDULE FOR POWER
TRANSFORMER
S. No. Items to be inspected Frequency
1 Load current Hourly
2 Terminal Voltage Hourly
3 Ambient Temperature Hourly
4 Winding Temperature Hourly
5 Oil Temperature Hourly
6 Tap position Daily
7 Air cell conservator Daily
8 Oil level in Conservator Daily
9 Oil level in Bushings Daily
10 Oil level in OLTC Conservator Daily
11 Oil level in breather cup Daily
12 Connections Monthly
13 Dust deposits & physical damages to bushings Monthly
14 Air passage & colour of silica gel in breather Quarterly
15 Cable boxes, gasket joints, gauges etc. Quarterly
16 Dielectric strength of transformer oil Half yearly
17 Moisture content of transformer oil Half yearly
18 Dissolved gas analysis of transformer oil Half yearly
19 Resistivity of transformer oil Half yearly
20 Insulation resistance of windings Yearly
21 Tan delta & Capacitance of condenser bushings Yearly

22 Operation of relays and their circuit Yearly

23 Surface paint 2 ~ 3 Years**
 Maintenance Schedule
 

  Periodicity
Preventive Maintenance
Procedures Months Scheduled
outage
3 6 12

Replacement / Regeneration of Silica gel a      

Breather

Dissolved Gas Analysis   a    

Oil Sampling   a    

Buchholz Relay Functional Tests   a    

Tan Delta & Capacitance     a  

Measurement of Condenser Bushings

OTI/ WTI Tests     a  

Tap changer operation     a  

Insulation Resistance of Windings     a  

Oil Filtration       a

Surface Painting       a
Power Transformers Protections

 Differential Protection
 REF Protection-GT HV side
 SEF Protection-GT HV side
 O/C Protection-GT HV side
 V/F Over fluxing Protection
 Over Head Differential Protection GT HV side