Introduction to

Microprocessor
CE 311
 Ref : The Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088,
80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80386,80486,Pentium,
and Pentium Pro Processor
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing

Eight Edition
BARRY B. BREY
DeVry Institute of Technology
Hrs /wk Grading, Tests, and Exams Hours

Credit Class
Final Final
Lecture Tutorial Lab Summery and Lab Tests
Exam Exam
HW

4 4 1 1 6 10% 10% 20% 60% 3H

 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 1 : An Introduction To
Microprocessor And Computer.

A Historical Background
The Microprocessor Age
The Microprocessor-Based Personal
computer System
What is the Microprocessor
 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 2 : The Microprocessor Architecture

 Internal Microprocessor Architecture

 The Programming Mode
 Real Mode Memory Addressing
 Segments and Offsets
 Default Segment and Offset Registers
 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 3 : Addressing Modes .
Register Addressing
Immediate Addressing
Direct Data Addressing
Register Indirect Addressing
Base-Plus-lndex Addressing
Register Relative Addressing
Base Relative-Plus-lndex Addressing
Program memory Addressing Modes
Memory Organization
 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 4 :Data Movement Instructions
MOV Revisited
PUSH/POP
String Data Transfers
Chapter 5 : Arithmetic And Logic Instructions
Addition, Subtraction, and Comparison
Multiplication and Division
Basic Logic Instructions
Shift and Rotate
String Comparisons
 CE311 : Course Contains
Chapter 6 : Program Control Instructions
The Jump Group
Unconditional Jump (JMP)
Conditional Jumps and Conditional Sets
Loop
Procedures
CALL
RET
Chapter 7 : Programming The Microprocessor

 Example Programmers
 Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Microprocessor and
Computer
prepared by
Dr: Mohamed EL-Bouridy Dr : Reda EL-Sheshtawy
[email protected] [email protected]
Chapter Overview
 A Historical Background

 The Microprocessor Age

 The Microprocessor-Based
Personal computer System
 What is the Microprocessor

2
 A Historical Background
 80X86, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium III,
Pentium 4, Core2 , and Itanium (I3, I5, and I7)
microprocessors.
 The Mechanical Age :
 Idea of computing system not new.
 Calculating with a machine dates to 500 BC.
 Ancient people invented the abacus, which is
the first mechanical calculator
 Prof Pascal invented a calculator.
2
A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 The first electronic calculator appeared in 1970s.
 Calculating by machine used in US gov.
 After a number of mergers, Tabulating Machine Co was
formed into International Business Machines (IBM)
Corporation.
 German Prof Konrad Zuse, invented the first modern
electromechanical computer (Z3) . Z3 a relay logic
machine clocked at 5.33 Hz.
3
The Zuse Z3, 1941

4
 A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC), a
huge machine.
 over 17,000 vacuum tubes; 500 miles of wires and
weighed over 30 tons
 about 100,000 operations per second

The ENIAC, 1946

5
 A Historical Background
 The Electrical Age :
 the first electronic computers were developed
in the mid – 20th century (1940–1945).
 the size were large as a room.
 December 1947, John Bardeen, William Shockley,
and Walter Brattain develop the transistor at Bell
Labs.
 Followed by 1958 invention of the integrated circuit
(IC) by Jack Kilby . Ic,s leads to development of
digital integrated circuits in the 1960s.
 First microprocessor developed at Intel Corporation
in 1971.
6
A Historical Background
Modern computers based on integrated circuits has
millions to billions times more capable than the early
machines, and it consuming power as much as several
hundred in modern personal computers (PCs).

7
 NASA Computer

EDSAC, 1948
Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor
(actual size: 12×6.75 mm). 8
A Historical Background
 Programming Advancements:
 Once programmable machines developed,
programs and programming languages began to
appear.
 computer languages began to appear in order to
control the computer.
 The first, machine language, was constructed of
ones and zeros using binary codes, which stored
in the computer memory system as groups of
instructions called a program.

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 A Historical Background
 Once systems such as UNIVAC became available in
early 1950s, assembly language was used to simplify
entering binary code.
 Assembler allows programmer to use codes… such as
ADD for addition In place of a binary number , finally
Assembly language an aid to programming.
 Some common modern programming languages are
BASIC, C/C++, Java, and PASCAL.

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simple Computer

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 Block Diagram of a simple Computer or a Microcomputer.

Data Bus

Input
device

Control Control Bus

Bus Central Memory
I/O Processing (RAM & ROM)
Ports Unit
Output
device

Address Bus

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 Memory
The memory usually consists of RAM ,ROM,
magnetic floppy disks, magnetic hard disks or
laser option disks.

Magnetic core memory 1960 Hard disk drives

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 Memory
Memory has two purposes.
To store the binary codes for the
sequence of instructions you want the
computer to carryout.

To store the binary-coded data which the

computer is going to be working.

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 Input/Output

IT allows the computer to take in or send

data from the outside world.

It’s such as keyboards, video display , printers

and modems.

The ports is the actual devices used to interface

the computer buses to external systems.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 The CPU controls the operation of the
computer.
It fetches the binary-coded instructions from
memory, and decodes it into a series of simple
actions and carries out these instructions.

The CPU contains an arithmetic and logic unit

or ALU ( used for arithmetical and logical
calculations “add, subtract, AND, OR, etc”)

The CPU also contains an address counter

which is used to hold the address of the next
instruction to be fetched from the memory 17
 Address Bus
 The address bus consists of 16, 20, 24, 32, 40
signal lines.

 On these lines the CPU sends out the address of

the memory location that is to be written to or
read from.

 If the CPU has N address lines then it can

directly address 2N memory locations.

 For example, a CPU with 16 address lines can

address 2 16 or 65, 536 memory locations. 18
 Data Bus

 The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32, 64 signal lines.

 The data bus lines are bi-directional.

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 Control Bus
 The control bus consists of 4 - 10 parallel signal
lines.

 The CPU sends out signals on the control bus to

enable the outputs of addressed memory
devices or port devices.

 For example, the CPU sends out the address of

the desired byte on the address bus and then
sends out a memory read signal on the control
bus.
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 What is a Microprocessor ?

 The Microprocessor is the entire CPU

with timing and control functions on a
single chip.

Therefore the µP is an integrated circuit

that contains many processing
capabilities of a large computer.

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 The Microprocessor Age-1
(a) 1970s Processors

4004 8008 8080 8086 8088

Introduced year 71 72 74 78 79

Clock speeds 108 KHz 108 KHz 2 MHz 5–10 MHz 5–8 MHz

Bus width 4 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits

No. of transistors 2300 3500 6000 29000 29000

Addressable
640 bytes 16 KB 64 KB 1 MB 1 MB
memory

Virtual memory — — — — —
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 The Microprocessor Age-2 23

(b) 1980s Processors

80286 386TMDX 386TMSX 486TM DX

Introduced year 82 85 88 89

Clock speeds 6-12MHz 16-33 MHz 16-33 MHz 25-50 MHz

Bus width 16 bits 32 bits 16 bits 32 bits

No. of transistors 134000 275000 275000 1.2 million

Addressable
16 megabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes
memory

64 64
Virtual memory 1 gigabyte 64 terabytes
terabytes terabytes
 The Microprocessor Age-3 24

(c) 1990s Processors

486TMSX Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II

Introduced year 91 93 95 97

16-133 60-166 150-200 266-450

Clock speeds
MHz MHz MHz MHz

Bus width 32 bits 32 bits 64 bits 64 bits

1.2 3.1
No. of transistors 5.5 million 7.5 million
million million

Addressable 64 64
4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes
memory gigabytes gigabytes

Virtual memory 64 terabytes

 The Microprocessor Age-4 25

(d) Recent Processors

Pentium III Pentium 4

Introduced year 99 11/2000
Clock speeds 500-1000 MHz 2.4-3.2 GHz
Bus width 64 bits 64 bits
No. of transistors 95 million 42 million
Addressable
64 gigabytes 64 gigabytes
memory
Virtual memory 64 terabytes 64 terabytes
The block diagram of a computer
system.

26
 The purpose of the microprocessor in a
microprocessor-based computer system
The heart of the microprocessor-based computer
system is the microprocessor integrated circuit.
The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the
CPU (central processing unit), is the controlling
element in a computer system.
The microprocessor controls memory and I/O
through a series of connections called buses.

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 The purpose of the microprocessor in a
microprocessor-based computer system
 The microprocessor performs three main
tasks for the computer system:
data transfer between itself and the memory
or I/O systems.
simple arithmetic and logic operations.
program flow via simple decisions. Albeit
these are simple tasks, but through them,
the microprocessor performs virtually any
series of operations or tasks.
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The three buses found in all computer systems.
A bus is a common group of wires that
interconnect components in a computer system.
The buses that interconnect the sections of a
computer system transfer address, data, and
control information between the microprocessor
and its memory and I/O systems.
• The address bus requests a memory location
from the memory or an I/O location from the
I/O devices. If I/O is addressed, the address
bus contains a 16-bit I/O address from 0000H
through FFFFH.

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The three buses found in all computer systems.

• The data bus transfers information between

the microprocessor and its memory and I/O
address space. Data transfers vary in size,
from 8 bits wide to 64 bits wide in various
members of the Intel microprocessor family.

• The control bus contains lines that select the

memory or I/O and cause them to perform a
read or write operation.

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Block diagram of a computer system showing
address, data, and control bus.

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 The microprocessor bus and memory sizes
Address Memory
Microprocessor Data Bus
Bus Size
8086 16 20 1M
8088 8 20 1M
80186 16 20 1M
80188 8 20 1M
80286 16 20 16M
80386 32 32 4G
80486 32 32 4G
Pentium Pro 64 36 64G
Pentium II 64 36 64G
Pentium II, III, 4 64 36 64G 32
The physical memory systems of the 8086
through 80486

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The End of
Chapter 1