Exogenic Processes - Sci 1

Earth Materials and
Processes
EXOGENIC
PROCESS
EXOGENIC PROCESS
• These are processes that

take place at or near
the earths surface, that
makes the surface wear
away.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
EXOGENIC PROCESS
• WEATHERING
• EROSION
• MASS MOVEMENT
(Mass Wasting)
WEATHERING
 mechanical and chemical hammer

that breaks down and sculpts rock.
TYPES OF
WEATHERIN
G
• PHYSICAL
Weathering
• CHEMICA
Physical Weathering
• mechanical weathering
• the breakdown of
rocks without a change
in its composition.
• Breakdown would mean that the rock is
fractured, cracked or fragmented into
smaller pieces.
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
• decomposition of rocks due to
chemical reactions occurring
between the minerals in rocks
and the environment.
• transforms rocks and minerals exposed
to water and gases in the atmosphere
into new chemical compounds thus,
forming different rocks and minerals.
a key factor in the creation
Chemical of caves and caverns. It
weathering can also hollow out caves
and damage cliffs.
Processes that can Cause
Physical Weathering
1. THERMAL AND PRESSURE CHANGE
• Rocks crumble and break into fragments
because they are subjected to alternating
hot and cold temperatures many times.
• When a rock gets hot, it expands an
increase in volume), while at night, the rock
gets cold causing contraction (a
decrease in volume).
• Temperature weaken the rock and in the process, mineral grains
are loosened from the rocks and eventually the rocks break down
into pieces. Best examples are the stone in the arid desert that
slowly turn to sand.
• The rates of expansion and contraction of the outer and inner
parts of the rock differ. The outer part expands and contracts
much more than the inner part because it is directly exposed to
the heat of the sun.
Physical Weathering
2. WIND AND WAVES
• Wind and waves can all cause physical
weathering. Tiny grains of sand are
picked up and carried off by the wind,
which are then blasted on the surface of
rocks, smoothening them.
• On the seashore, the action of waves
chips away and cracks the rocks.
Physical Weathering
3. FREEZE AND THAW
• You know that if you put a glass in the
freezer it will soon break. This is because
water expands when it freezes. Similarly,
when water collects in the rock pores
and slits, it expands when it freezes.
•Frost Wedging
Physical Weathering
4. ORGANIC ACIVITY
• Animals and plants also take a heavy
toll on rocks and cause them to
wear away.
• For example, there are animals that
dig holes on the ground and exposed
rocks.
Chemical weathering
1.HYDRATION/ HYDROLYSIS
• Process where molecules
of some substance in rocks
chemically combine with
water molecules
1.HYDROLYSIS- produced different minerals in
addition to ions
“lysis” - Greek word means to unbind

• HYDRATION
Hydration reactions involve water being added to the
chemical structure of
a mineral. An example of a hydration reaction is
when anhydrite (CaSO4)
is transformed into gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O).
2. DISSOLUTION
2. Dissolution reactions produce ions, but
no minerals, and are reversible if the solvent
is removed. A household example would be
dissolving a teaspoon of table salt (the mineral halite)
in a glass of water. The halite will separate into Na+
and Cl– ions. If the water in the glass is allowed to
evaporate, there will not be enough water molecules
to hold the Na+ and Cl– ions apart, and the ions will
come together again to form halite. Gypsum and
anhydrite are other minerals that will dissolve in
water alone.
Minerals like halite dissolve in
water
Chemical weathering
•2. CARBONATION
• Process where Carbon Dioxide may bond
with other substances.
• A mixture of water and carbon dioxide
is called carbonic acid.
• Two examples of carbonation weathering are
The Limestone Pavement and The Stalactites and
stalagmites.
This land form is made entirely of limestone and formed by
rainwater carbonation and the freezing and thawing
process.
This land form is also made of limestone. It was created by
large amount of calcium being dissolved in them.
-Calcite is a major component of a
sedimentary rock like limestone
Chemical Weathering
3. OXIDATION
• Iron, aluminum, copper, and sodium
are examples of minerals that readily
react with oxygen which then form
mineral oxides.
• In nature, physical and chemical weathering typically
occur together, affecting the rocks. When the latter is
destroyed, valuable products are created.
• Oxidation happens when free oxygen (i.e.,
oxygen not bound up in molecules with
other elements) is involved in chemical
reactions. Oxidation reactions provide
valuable insight into Earth’s early surface
conditions because there is a clear
transition in the rock record from rocks
containing no minerals that are products of
oxidation reactions, to rocks containing
abundant minerals produced by oxidation.
This reflects a transition from an oxygen-
free atmosphere to an oxygenated one.
Limonite (orange yellow coating)
Vinicunca, Peru- Rainbow Mountain in
Peru
How essential is water in chemical
weathering processes?
Based on the discussion on weathering
processes, can we say that the sun is the
main driving force of this processes
Erosion
• Involves the movement of the

weathered rock (snow, soil, sand
and pebbles) from their site of
weathering by the agents of
erosion such as wind, moving
water, ice and gravity.
SOLIFLUCTION
SOLIFLUCTION
What do you think could trigger mass wasting?
Is the sun the main source of energy
for Exogenic Processes? Explain.

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Earth Materials and

• These are processes that

 mechanical and chemical hammer

“lysis” - Greek word means to unbind

• Involves the movement of the

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