Unit-1 Basics of Python

Topic 2 - Notation
By
Miss. T.R.Thamizhvani
Assistant Professor
Department of Biomedical Engineering
VISTAS
 NOTATIONS
 FLOW CHART

• Flow chart is defined as graphical

representation of the logic for problem solving.
• The purpose of flowchart is making the logic of
the program clear in a visual representation.
NOTATIONS
 NOTATIONS
Rules for drawing a flowchart
 
1.              The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow.
2.              The flowchart must have a logical start and finish.
3.              Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.
4. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol. However, two or
three flow lines may leave the decision symbol.
5. Only one flow line is used with a terminal symbol.
6. Within standard symbols, write briefly and precisely.
7. Intersection of flow lines should be avoided.
 
 
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Advantages of flowchart:
1.       Communication: - Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned.
2.        Effective analysis: - With the help of flowchart, problem can be analyzed in more effective way.
3.        Proper documentation: - Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed
for various purposes.
4.         Efficient Coding: - The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and program
development phase.
5.         Proper Debugging: - The flowchart helps in debugging process.
6.         Efficient Program Maintenance: - The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help
of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part.
 
Disadvantages of flow chart:
1.              Complex logic: - Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes
complex and clumsy.
2.              Alterations and Modifications: - If alterations are required the flowchart may require re-drawing
completely.
3.              Reproduction: - As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a
problem.
4.              Cost: For large application the time and cost of flowchart drawing becomes costly.
 
 NOTATIONS
PSEUDO CODE:

• Pseudo code consists of short, readable and formally styled English

languages used for explain an algorithm.
• It does not include details like variable declaration, subroutines.
• It is easier to understand for the programmer or non programmer
to understand the general working of the program, because it is
not based on any programming language.
• It gives us the sketch of the program before actual coding.
• It is not a machine readable
• Pseudo code can’t be compiled and executed.
• There is no standard syntax for pseudo code.
 NOTATIONS
Guidelines for writing pseudo code:
 
• Write one statement per line
• Capitalize initial keyword
• Indent to hierarchy
• End multiline structure
• Keep statements language independent

Common keywords used in pseudocode 

• The following gives common keywords used in pseudocodes.
1. //: This keyword used to represent a comment.
2. BEGIN,END: Begin is the first statement and end is the last statement.
3. INPUT, GET, READ: The keyword is used to inputting data.
 NOTATIONS
4. COMPUTE, CALCULATE: used for calculation of the result of the given expression.
5. ADD, SUBTRACT, INITIALIZE used for addition, subtraction and initialization.
 
6. OUTPUT, PRINT, DISPLAY: It is used to display the output of the program.
7. IF, ELSE, ENDIF: used to make decision.
8. WHILE, ENDWHILE: used for iterative statements.
9. FOR, ENDFOR: Another iterative incremented/decremented tested automatically.
 
Syntax for if else:
IF (condition)THEN       
statement   
...                    
ELSE       
statement   
...                    
ENDIF   
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Syntax for For: Syntax for While:
FOR( start-value to end-value) DO    WHILE (condition) DO  
statement    statement   
...                     ...                    
ENDFOR      ENDWHILE           
   
Example: Print n natural numbers Example: Print n natural numbers
BEGIN BEGIN
GET n GET n
INITIALIZE i=1 INITIALIZE i=1
FOR (i<=n) DO WHILE(i<=n) DO
PRINT i PRINT i
i=i+1 i=i+1
ENDFOR ENDWHILE
END END
 NOTATIONS
Advantages:
 
• Pseudo is independent of any language; it can be used by most programmers.
• It is easy to translate pseudo code into a programming language.
• It can be easily modified as compared to flowchart.
• Converting a pseudo code to programming language is very easy as compared
with converting a flowchart to programming language.
 
Disadvantages:
 
• It does not provide visual representation of the program’s logic.
• There are no accepted standards for writing pseudo codes.
• It cannot be compiled nor executed.
• For a beginner, It is more difficult to follow the logic or write pseudo code as
compared to flowchart.
NOTATIONS
 NOTATIONS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 
A programming language is a set of symbols and rules for instructing a computer
to perform specific tasks. The programmers have to follow all the specified rules
before writing program using programming language. The user has to
communicate with the computer using language which it can understand.

Types of programming language

 
– 1. Machine language
             

– 2. Assembly language
             

– 3. High level language

             
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Machine language:
The computer can understand only machine language which uses 0’s and 1’s. In machine language the
different instructions are formed by taking different combinations of 0’s and 1’s.

Advantages:
Translation free:
• Machine language is the only language which the computer understands. For executing any program
written in any programming language, the conversion to machine language is necessary. The program
written in machine language can be executed directly on computer. In this case any conversion process is
not required.
High speed
• The machine language program is translation free. Since the conversion time is saved, the execution of
machine language program is extremely fast.

Disadvantage:
• Ø   It is hard to find errors in a program written in the machine language.
• Ø   Writhing program in machine language is a time consuming process.

Machine dependent: According to architecture used, the computer differs from each other. So machine
language differs from computer to computer. So a program developed for a particular type of computer may
not run on other type of computer.
 NOTATIONS
Assembly language:
• To overcome the issues in programming language and make the
programming process easier, an assembly language is developed which is
logically equivalent to machine language but it is easier for people to read,
write and understand.
• Assembly language is symbolic representation of machine language.
Assembly languages are symbolic programming language that uses symbolic
notation to represent machine language instructions. They are called low
level language because they are so closely related to the machines.
 
Assembler
• Assembler is the program which translates assembly language instruction in
to a machine language.
• Easy to understand and use.
• It is easy to locate and correct errors.
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Disadvantage
Machine dependent
• The assembly language program which can be executed on the
machine depends on the architecture of that computer.
Hard to learn
• It is machine dependent, so the programmer should have the
hardware knowledge to create applications using assembly language.
Less efficient
• Ø   Execution time of assembly language program is more than
machine language program.
• Ø   Because assembler is needed to convert from assembly language
to machine language.
 
 NOTATIONS
High level language
 
• High level language contains English words and symbols. The specified rules are to be
followed while writing program in high level language. The interpreter or compilers are
used for converting these programs in to machine readable form.
 
Translating high level language to machine language
• The programs that translate high level language in to machine language are called
interpreter or compiler.
 
Compiler:
 
• A compiler is a program which translates the source code written in a high level
language in to object code which is in machine language program. Compiler reads the
whole program written in high level language and translates it to machine language. If
any error is found it display error message on the screen.
 
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Interpreter
 
• Interpreter translates the high level language program in line by line manner. The
interpreter translates a high level language statement in a source program to a
machine code and executes it immediately before translating the next statement.
When an error is found the execution of the program is halted and error message is
displayed on the screen.

Advantages
Readability
• High level language is closer to natural language so they are easier to learn and
understand
Machine independent
• High level language program have the advantage of being portable between
machines.
Easy debugging
• Easy to find and correct error in high level language
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Disadvantages
Less efficient
• The translation process increases the execution time of the program. Programs in
high level language require more memory and take more execution time to execute.
 
They are divided into following categories:
 
1.              Interpreted programming languages
2.              Functional programming languages
3.              Compiled programming languages
4.              Procedural programming languages
5.              Scripting programming language
6.              Markup programming language
7.              Concurrent programming language
8.              Object oriented programming language
 
THANK YOU