Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

8085 Pin Configuration

Pins of 8085 classified in 7 groups
1. Address bus(A15-A8)
carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address
2. Data bus(AD7-AD0)
carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus
3. Control and status signals
• used to identify the nature of operation
• 3 control signal (RD,WR,ALE)
• 3 status signals(IO/M, S0 & S1)
Three Control Signals
• RD
This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is
ready for accepting data available on the data bus.
• WR
This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a
selected memory or IO location.
• ALE
It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the
microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse
goes down it indicates data.
Three status signals
• IO/M
This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e.
when it is high indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates
memory operation.
• S1 & S0
These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.
• Power supply
There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply and VSS
indicates ground signal.
• Clock signals
There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.
• Interrupts & externally initiated signals
Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor to
perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.
• Serial I/O signals
There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID (Serial output data line) and SOD (Serial input data line)
and these signals are used for serial communication.
Introduction to 8086

• 8086 Microprocessor, an enhanced version of 8085 Microprocessor

designed by Intel in 1976.
• It is a 16-bit Microprocessor
• having 20 address lines and 16 data lines that provides up to 1MB storage.
• It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like
multiplication and division easily.
• It supports two modes of operation, i.e. Maximum mode and Minimum
mode.
• Maximum mode is suitable for system having multiple processors
• Minimum mode is suitable for system having a single processor.
Features of 8086
• It has an instruction queue, which is capable of storing six instruction
bytes from the memory resulting in faster processing.
• It was the first 16-bit processor having 16-bit ALU, 16-bit registers, internal
data bus, and 16-bit external data bus resulting in faster processing.
• It uses two stages of pipelining, i.e. Fetch Stage and Execute Stage, which
improves performance.
• Fetch stage can prefetched up to 6 bytes of instructions and stores them in
the queue.
• Execute stage executes these instructions.
• It consists of 29,000 transistors.
Comparison between 8085 & 8086 Microprocessor

8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor

It is an 8 bit microprocessor. It is a 16 bit microprocessor.
It has 16 ?bit address line. It has 20 bit address line.
It has 8- bit data bus. It has 16- bit data bus.
The memory capacity is 64 KB. The memory capacity is 1 MB.
Clock speed of this microprocessor is 3 MHz. Clock speed of this microprocessor varies between
5, 8 and 10 MHz for different versions.
It has 5 flags. It has 9 flags.
8085 microprocessor does not support 8086 microprocessor supports
memory segmentation. memory segmentation.

It does not support pipelining. It supports pipelining.

It is accumulator based processor. It is general purpose register based processor.
It has no minimum or maximum mode. It has minimum and maximum modes.
In 8085, only one processor is used. In 8086, more than one processor is used.
Additional external processor can also be employed.

It contains less number of transistors It contains more number of transistors compare to

compare to 8086 microprocessor. It contains 8085 microprocessor. It contains about 29000 in
about 6500 transistor. size.

The cost of 8085 is low. The cost of 8086 is high.

Internal Architecture of 8086
Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

• Handles transfer of data and addresses,

• Fetches instruction codes, stores fetched instruction codes in first-in-
first-out register set called a queue,
• Reads data from memory and I/O devices,
• Writes data to memory and I/O devices It has the following functional
parts:
• Instruction Queue: When EU executes instructions, the BIU gets 6-
bytes of the next instruction and stores them in the instruction queue
and this process is known as instruction pre fetch. This process
increases the speed of the processor.
• Segment Registers: A segment register contains the addresses of
instructions and data in memory which are used by the processor to
access memory locations.
• There are 4 segment registers in 8086 as given below:
• Code Segment Register (CS): Code segment of the memory holds
instruction codes of a program.
• Data Segment Register (DS): The data, variables and constants given
in the program are held in the data segment of the memory.
• Stack Segment Register (SS): Stack segment holds addresses and data
of subroutines. It also holds the contents of registers and memory
locations given in PUSH instruction.
• Extra Segment Register (ES): Extra segment holds the destination
addresses of some data of certain string instructions.
• Instruction Pointer (IP): The instruction pointer in the 8086
microprocessor acts as a program counter. It indicates to the address
of the next instruction to be executed.
Execution Unit(EU)

• The EU receives opcode of an instruction from the queue, decodes it

and then executes it.
• While Execution, unit decodes or executes an instruction
• Then the BIU fetches instruction codes from the memory and stores
them in the queue.
Execution Unit(EU)

• General Purpose Registers

There are four 16-bit general purpose registers: AX (Accumulator Register), BX
(Base Register), CX (Counter) and DX.
• Index Register: The following four registers are in the group of pointer
and index registers:
• Stack Pointer (SP)
• Base Pointer (BP)
• Source Index (SI)
• Destination Index (DI)
• ALU
It handles all arithmetic and logical operations. Such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, AND, OR, NOT operations.
• Flag Register
• 16 bit register which exactly behaves like a flip-flop,
means it changes states according to the result stored in the accumulator.
• It has 9 flags and divided into 2 groups
• conditional flags
• control flags.
Conditional Flags
This flag represents the result of the last arithmetic or logical
instruction executed.
Conditional flags are:
• Carry Flag
• Auxiliary Flag
• Parity Flag
• Zero Flag
• Sign Flag
• Overflow Flag
Control Flags
It controls the operations of the execution unit.
Control flags are:
• Trap Flag
• Interrupt Flag
• Direction Flag
Interrupts
The Intel 8086 has two hardware interrupt pins:
• NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)
• INTR (Interrupt Request) Maskable Interrupt.
EXAMINATION SCHEME
• INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
• THEORY(ASSIGNMENT- 20 MARKS)
• PRACTICAL(20 MARKS)
• EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT
• THEORY (60 MARKS)
UNIT-1
ASSIGNMENT
• What is the use of flag? Explain different types of flags of 8085 with
example.
• Explain 8085 architecture.
• Draw the timing diagram of MOV A, B instruction.
• Draw the timing diagram of MVI A, 35H instruction.
• Draw the timing diagram of LXI H, 5057H instruction.
Assignment submission due date:
1st Feb 2023