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Operational Amplifiers

The document discusses ideal operational amplifiers (op amps) and their characteristics. An ideal op amp has infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and can amplify the difference between its two input voltages. It is used to build inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, and difference amplifiers. The document also describes differential op amp implementations using BJTs and instrumentation op amps, which allow adjusting the gain with a single resistor.

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azeem niazi
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31 views28 pages

Operational Amplifiers

The document discusses ideal operational amplifiers (op amps) and their characteristics. An ideal op amp has infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite gain, and can amplify the difference between its two input voltages. It is used to build inverting and non-inverting amplifiers, summing amplifiers, and difference amplifiers. The document also describes differential op amp implementations using BJTs and instrumentation op amps, which allow adjusting the gain with a single resistor.

Uploaded by

azeem niazi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

Ideal Op Amp
• The Op Amp is designed to sense the difference
between the voltage signals between two input
terminals (i.e. the quantity v2 – v1)
• Output = A(v2 – v1)
– Where A is the gain
• Ideal Op Amp has infinite input
impedance
– i.e. the current going into the op amp (both +ve and –
ve terminals) is ZERO
Ideal Op Amp
• Terminal 3 should act as the output of an ideal voltage
source.
– the (nodal) voltage at terminal 3 (v3) will always be equal to
A(v2-v1), regardless of the current drawn from terminal 3 (into a
load)
• This means that the output impedance of an ideal op-amp
is zero (which is good)
• The output voltage is in-phase with and out of phase with
– Terminal 2 is called non-inverting terminal
– Terminal 1 is called inverting terminal
Ideal Op Amp
• The op amp is a difference signal amplifier and hence ignores any signal
common to both inputs.
– i.e. if , then (ideally).
• This property is called common-mode rejection
– An ideal op amp has zero common-mode gain and, infinite common-mode
rejection.
• Thus, an op-amp is a differential-input,
single-ended output amplifier, where
– A is called the differential gain
– A is also called the open loop gain

• For most practical op-amps the open loop DC gain A


is extremely high. For example, the popular 741 has a
typical open loop gain A of 200000 Vo/Vi.
Ideal Op Amp
Four characteristics of ideal op amp

• Bandwidth
•
Inverting Op-amp
Inverting Op-amp
Inverting Op-amp
Inverting Op-amp

Home Task:
Summing Amplifier and Difference Amplifier
Differential Op Amp
• Differential Amplifier” meaning the difference
between two quantities is being amplified.
Combination of an inverting and a non inverting
amplifier

• Applications
1. Noise removal of EEG signal
2. Motor Control
3. Filters
4. FM/AM signal recovery
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation

• Constructed of two identical


Common emitter BJTs.
• Output is taken at the two
collectors.
• Both the parts are mirror image
of each other.
• When the two inputs are
identical we get a 0V at the
output.
• Usually they are not equal. One is
inverting and other is non iverting
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation

• If an input signal is applied to


either input with the other input
connected to ground, the
operation is referred to as “single-
ended.”
• If two opposite-polarity input
signals are applied, the operation is
referred to as “double-ended.”
• If the same input is applied to both
inputs, the operation is called
“common-mode.”
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- DC
Bias
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
• Single-ended Operation:
To calculate the single-ended ac voltage gain, Vo>Vi, apply signal to one input
with the other connected to ground
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
• Single-ended Operation:
The AC equivalent circuit will be:
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
• Single-ended Operation:
If one assumes that the two transistors are well matched
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
• Common-Mode Operation:
Differential Op Amp: BJT Implementation- AC
Operation
• Common-Mode Operation:
Instrumentation Op Amp

Motivation:
• To be able Adjust the gain of the amplifier
circuit without having to change more than
one resistor value, as is necessary with the
previous design

• high input impedances on the V1 and


V2 inputs
Instrumentation Op Amp
Instrumentation Op Amp
• Buffered differential amplifier
stage with three new resistors 

• All resistors to be of equal value


except for Rgain

• Consider Ideal Op-amp Operations.

• Voltage at Node 1: V1
• Voltage at Node 2: V2

• Potential difference across Rgain


will cause a current to flow.

• Since the Two Rs are in series with


Rgain same current will flow
through then.
Instrumentation Op Amp
• Current is given as:

I= (V2-V1) /Rgain

• Voltage at upper R: I*R


• Voltage at lower R: I*R

• Potential drop across Node 3-4:


Instrumentation Op Amp

Adjustable gain that can be set by a


single resistor. Manipulating the
above formula a bit, we have a
general expression for overall
voltage gain in the instrumentation
amplifier:

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