Harbor and Tunnel Engineering

Rashmi SM
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
JSS Academy of Technical Education,
Bangalore - 60
Introduction

Harbor: It is partly enclosed area which provides safe and suitable

accommodation for supplies, refueling, repair, loading and unloading cargo.
Port: A port is a harbor where marine terminal facilities are provided. A port is a
place which regularly provides accommodation for the transfer of cargo and
passengers to and from the ships.
Port = Harbor + Storage Facility + Communication Facility + Other Terminal
Facility.
From above, It can be stated that a port includes a harbor i.e. every port is a
harbor.
Requirements of Good Harbour:
It should be connected with roadway and railway.
 Surrounding land should be fertile and densely populated.
 Ship channels must have sufficient depth for draft or vessel.
Breakwaters must be provided to protect against destructive wave action.
 The bottom should be furnished to secure anchorage to hold ships against the
wind force.
 Numbers of quay, piers and wharfs should be sufficient for loading and
unloading cargo.
It should have facilities like fuel, repair and etc. for ships.
 Harbour area should be sufficiently large.
It should have enough cold storage.
 Classification of Harbours:
Classification based on the protection needed:

Natural Harbour: Harbour protected by storms and waves by natural land contours, rocky
out crops, or island that is called Natural Contour. (Eg. Kandla port, Cochin port & Mumbai
Harbour)
Semi - Natural harbour: A semi – natural harbour is protected on the sides by the contours of
land and requires manmade protection only to the entrance. (Eg. Mandvi, veraval &
visakhapatnam port)
Artificial Harbour: An artificial harbour is one which is manmade and protected from storms and
waves by engineering works. (Eg. Chennai Harbour)
 Classification based on utility:
Commercial Harbour: It is an harbour in which docks are provided with necessary facilities for
loading and unloading of cargo. (Eg. Chennai Harbour)
Refuge Harbour: These are used as a heaven for ships in a storm or it may be part of a
commercial harbour. (Eg. Chennai Harbour & Visakhapatnam Harbour)
Military Harbour: It is a naval base for the purpose of accommodating naval ships or vessels
and it serves as a supply depot. (Eg. Mumbai Harbour & Cochin Harbour)
Fishing Harbour: These harbours have facilities for departure and arrival of fishing ships. They
have also necessary arrangement to catch fish.
Marine harbours: Marine is a harbour providing facilities of fuel, food, showers washing
machines, telephones etc. for small boat owners, having temporary or permanent berths
Classification based on location:
Canal harbour: The harbour located along the canals for sea navigations and inland
is known as canal harbour. It is found that the maintenance dredging of canal
harbour basins is generally negligible.
Lake harbour: The harbour constructed along the shore of lake is known as lake
harbour. If the lake is large, then the conditions are similar to those in ocean except
that tidal action does not occur.
River harbour: The harbour constructed along the banks of river is known as river
harbour. Rivers create the main transportation route to join the hinterland and the
sea.
Sea or Ocean harbour: The harbour located on the coast of sea or an ocean is
called the sea harbour. They are intended for sea going vessels.
 Harbour layout and components:
Entrance Channel
Break Water
Turning Basin
 Shelter Basin
 Pier
 Wharf
 Quay
Dry Dock
 Wet Dock
Jetty
Entrance channel: Water area from which ships enter in the Break water: A protective barrier made up of Concrete or
harbour and it should have sufficient width, 100 for small Course Rubble Masonry constructed from shore towards the sea
harbour, 100 to 160m for medium and 160 to 260m for large to enclose harbour .
harbour.
Turning basin: It is water area which is required for Pier: It is a solid platform at which berthing of ships on both
maneuvering the ship after entering to the harbour and it is the sides are possible.
large enough to permit free turning.
Wharf: It is a docking platform constructed parallel to
shoreline providing berthing facility on one side only.
Quay: It is also dock parallel to the shore which is solid
structure providing berthing on one side and retaining the earth
on the other.
Dry dock: It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs Wet dock: Due to variation in tidal level, an enclosed basin is
and construction of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate. provided where in number of ships can be berthed. It has an
entrance which is controlled by a lock gate.
Jetty: It is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the
shoreline for berthing of ships.
 Coastal Structures
1. Breakwaters: The protective barrier constructed to enclose harbours and to keep the harbour waters undisturbed
by the effect of heavy and strong seas are called breakwaters
Types of Breakwaters
2. Vertical wall breakwater
3. Mound breakwater
4. Mound with super structure or Composite breakwater
 Vertical wall breakwater
The construction of vertical wall break is found advantageous under the following conditions.
• The depth of water is sufficiently large to prevent the breaking of waves. The depth of water should be twice the
height of the greatest storm wave.
• Sea bed is resistant to erosion.
• Foundations are not subjected to uneven settlement.
Advantageous of vertical wall breakwater:
• They need comparatively less construction materials.
• They have no danger of unequal settlement as in the case of mound breakwater
Disadvantageous of vertical wall breakwater:
• They need special care and costly methods of construction.
• They need much height of wall under water, resulting in more cost.
Mound breakwaters:
This is the simplest type of breakwater and constructed by dumping of rubbles, stones into the sea till
the mound emerges out of the water. The rubble mound breakwater comparatively is safe.
The looseness of the elements permits them to settle without damage. In this way they provide a broad
base. This helps in distributing the load on a larger area reducing the unit load on the area.
The quantity of rubble depends upon the depth, rise of tides and waves and exposure. A rubble mound
breakwater consists of a central portion known as core

Advantages of Mound breakwater:

• No special equipments are required for construction.
• Unskilled labors can be employed.
• Inspection is simple and easy.
• Large size rubbles can be used without dressing.
• It can be constructed on any type of foundation.
• Construction is porous, hence no possibility of uplift. and protective layers are known as armour.
Mound with super structure or Composite breakwater:

This breakwater has a rubble base over which a vertical wall type breakwater is constructed. This is a
combination of the mound and vertical wall type breakwater. This is recommended in locations where the
depth of water is great and the foundation is of weak material. When the depth of water exceeds 30 m, the
composite type of breakwater is adopted.
2. Wharves: A wall constructed along a shore or bank to berth vessels for loading and unloading
cargo is known as a wharf.
Uses of wharves:
• It is a platform parallel to the shoreline and provides berth on side of it.
• It provides facilities like loading, unloading and storage of cargo.
• It provides terminal facilities with link to rail or road transportation.

Factors affecting the design of wharves:

• Adequate provision for berthing of the ship.
• Adequate provision for handling and storage of cargo.
• Adequate terminal facilities for rail and road transportation.
3. Quays: These walls are constructed to retain and protect the filling on the shore. These walls are designed as
retaining walls.
Factors affecting the design of quay walls:
• Character or nature of the foundation.
• Pressure of water on the back side of wall.
• Earth pressure on the back of the wall.
• Effect of buoyancy for the portion of the wall submerged.
• Weight of the wall itself.
• Live load of vehicles passing on the platform at the rear.
• Dead load of goods stored on the platform.
• Force of impact of vessels etc.
Types of quay walls:
Gravity type quay walls:
These types of walls have to be found under water and constructed in water and raised
mounds above water by masonry construction or large concrete blocks.
Dwarf quay wall:
These walls are found and built on piles. These walls are economical for river ports and ports
having moderate traffic.
The driest and most durable materials such as a slag, granite, rubbles etc. should be put at the
back of the quay walls to minimize the pressure caused by back filling
4. Piers
The structures built right angle to the sea shore or a river bank are known as piers.
In the sea, the piers are constructed at places where the sea is not deep enough and the natural harbour is not
convenient for allowing the ships to berth adjacent to the shore.
In many cases piers are constructed of piles, columns and braced leaving good space for the ocean current
to flow without causing any obstruction.
Design of pier:
 The length of the pier should be sufficient to accommodate the longest ship likely to visit the harbour.
Pier should be of sufficient width to allow easy unloading of cargo without any due delay.
The live loads for the design of a pier depend upon the nature of anticipated cargo and shipping.
 The impact effect of ship is also taken into consideration.
5. Pier head:
It is a structure constructed at the tip of the breakwater near the harbour entrance. It should be easily
recognizable as it serves the purpose of an entrance mark and it should be provided with strong light.

6. Jetties: A jetty is defined as a narrow structure projecting from the shore into water with berths on
one or both sides and sometimes at the end also.
These are structures in the form of piled projections. They are built from the shore to the deep water.
Jetties are exposed to severe wave action and their structural design is similar to that of breakwater.

Uses of jetty:
• It provides berth to the ships.
• It is used for handling inflammable materials like petrol, diesel, kerosene and crude oil

7. Dolphins: They are the marine structures located at the entrance of the locked or alongside a pier or a
wharf.
Uses:-
 To absorb the impact force of the ships
 To provide mooring facilities i.e. for tying up ships
8. Fenders: A fender is a form of cushion which is provided on a jetty face for ships to come in contact.
 The fender can be made of different materials in various forms
 It absorbs the impact of ship and protect them from damage
Types of Fenders:-
(A) Wooden Fender :
 Simplest form of wooden fender are in the form of horizontal wooden member.
 They absorb energy because of deflection when struck by a ship
(B) Rubber Fenders :
 The simplest form of rubber fenders are rubber tires hung over the side of the dock.
 Rubber fenders are supported by wire rope attached to eye bolt set in the concrete dock wall