Part of speech- English

Lesson.

Prepared by; Simo Angel Mae G.

Grammatical categories are classes of words in
English, traditionally called a part of speech
Nouns- pronouns
Verbs - Adverbs
Adjectives- nouns
Adverbs- Verbs
Pronouns- nouns
Articles
Preposition
Conjunctions
Interjections.
Nouns- defined as “name of persons, place, things, animals, or events”. To be able to categorically determined whether a word in
English is a noun or not, one must look for the following characteristics;

1. Occurs when a determiner before it( except proper nouns and some common nouns)
 a determiner is a word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or
whether you are referring to one thing or several. Common English determiners are 'a', 'the', 'some', 'this', and 'each'.

2. Generally have singular and plural forms.

3. Has a possessive form.

A possessive noun is a noun that shows possession or belonging. This will generally include an's for a singular person possessing one
or more persons, places, or things, called a singular possessive noun; and an s' for more than one person possessing singular or plural
persons, places, or things.
Example; John‘s notebook.
4. May function as ;
a. subject of verb
b. object of transitive verb - An intransitive verb is defined as a verb that
does not take a direct object.
Example- John runs
C. complement of a linking verb-Linking verbs are verbs that serve as a
connection between a subject and further information about that subject.
Example- John is happy.
D. Object of a preposition.
Example; in the Table
E.Appositive-An appositive is a noun or phrase that renames or describes
the noun to which it is next.
Example- Jeremy, is my friend from America.
Noun Categories
No. According to kind: Example

1. Common Noun- Refers to a class of President, city,book

nouns; general category

2. Proper Noun-refers to a specific/ Brainbox, Philippines, Harry Potter

No. According noun;
particular to grammatical number
always capitalized Example

1. Collective Nouns- refers to a group of staff, battalion,class

nouns

2. Count Nouns- can be pluralized apple, pen, city

3. Non-count or Mass nouns- cannot be sand, rice, food

No. counted to reference:

According Example

1. Abstract nouns- intangible nouns Idea, love, happiness

2. Concrete nouns- tangible nouns Computer, book

Verbs
Is a word that expresses an action or state of being.
The Following are the basic classification of English verbs according to formal
differentiation( according to a syntactic requirements):

1. Intransitive Verbs. A verb that does not take a direct object. That means there is no word in
the sentence that tells who or what received the action of the verb,
Example ;
Flicker : The light Flickered
explode: Mt. Mayon exploded.

How to identify an intransitive verb

An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: It does not require an object to act
upon.
Example;
They jumped.
The dog ran.

She sang.

A light was shining.

2. Transitive Verbs. These verbs are followed by noun phrases functioning as their
direct object ( also reffered to as patient, or receiver of the action)
Example:
love: Tom loves old movies
catch: The boy caught a butterfly
How to identify a transitive verb
Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand objects.
Without an object to affect, the sentence that a transitive verb inhabits will not seem
complete.
Example ;Please bring coffee.
In this sentence, the verb bring is transitive; its object is coffee, the thing that is being
brought. Without an object of some kind, this verb cannot function.
Example; Please bring.
Bring what, or who? The question begs itself because the meaning of bring demands it.
Here are some more examples of transitive verbs and their objects.
Example
The girls carry water to their village.
Juan threw the ball.
Could you phone the neighbors?
I caught a cold.
She loves rainbows.
Lila conveyed the message.

Each of the verbs in these sentences have objects that complete the verbs’ actions. If the
objects were taken out, the results would be illogical and questions would be raised in
the mind of the reader.
Guidelines on usage
• Transitive and Intransitive

Some verbs are both intransitive and transitive.

Float- The boat floats (intransitive)
The boat floats in the middle of the sea. (transitive verb)
Squake- The floor squeaked. (intransitive verb)
The floor squaked as I stepped on it. (transitive verb)
Transitive or intransitive?
Some verbs can be both
Many verbs can be classified as both transitive and intransitive
depending on how they are used in a sentence.

Urged by the others, she sang.

She sang the national anthem at the hockey game.

After he cleaned up, he left.

He left the gift on the table.

3.Ascriptive/ linking verbs. These verbs are followed by noun phrase. Linking the Subject to verb
Another way to define linking verbs is that linking verbs do not express action but connect the
subject and verb to more information. 
Usually followed by a noun or adjective.
Example:
Donna Is happy. (is) linking verb .
After a long day, Eric was tired. (was) linking verb.
Dogs are Happy (are) Linking Verb.
Be: The event is today
Become: The young beggar became a
millionaire.
Seem: School seems fun.
Remain: We remain devoted
4. Auxiliary Verbs/ Helping verbs
Add meaning to the clause . Giving support or help, specially to a more important person
or thing.
Express an action.

Example- Am, is, Are , was, were, being, been, be, has, have, had, did, shall, will , should,
would, may, might, must, can, could, does, do.

Do- I do love you, I do not love you, I did love you.

Are- they are happy. You are never too old to learn.

5. Modal verbs
these verbs occur before the main verb, it is also an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity
or possibility. English modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could may, and
might.

I shall leave early.

I can do that task.
I should have left earlier.
I could have done that task.
4. Auxiliary Verbs/ Helping verbs
Add meaning to the clause . Giving support or help, specially to a more important
person or thing. A helping verb (also known as an auxiliary verb) is used with a main verb
to help express the main verb's tense, mood, or voice.

Express an action.

Tense
The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took place. The three main tenses
are as follows:
The Past Tense (e.g., I walked.)
The Present Tense (e.g., I walk.)
The Future Tense (e.g., I will walk.)
 Moods
There are three moods in English:
The Indicative Mood. The indicative mood states a fact or asks a question. For example:
The sky is blue.
Why is the sky blue?
The Imperative Mood. The imperative mood expresses an order. For example:
Make your bed.
Go away!
The Subjunctive Mood. The subjunctive mood shows a wish, a suggestion, a demand, or condition
contrary to fact. For example:
I wish it were true.
I demand he be released.

Voice
is the term used to describe whether a verb is active or passive.
1. Active voice
If the subject is performing the action, then the verb is said to be in the active voice. Look at
this: The dog bit the postman.
2.Passive voice
If the subject is having the action done to it, then the verb is said to be in the passive voice.
Look at this: Postman was bitten by the dog.
The main helping verbs are "to be," "to
have," and "to do.“
They appear in the following forms:

To Be: am, is, are, was, were, being, been,

will be
To Have: has, have, had, having, will have
To Do: does, do, did, will do
Examples of Helping Verbs Expressing Tense
•Here are some examples of helping verbs expressing tense. In these examples, the main verbs are in
bold and the helping verbs are highlighted.Peter was singing for an hour.
•Peter is singing in the shower.
•Peter will be singing tomorrow evening.
(In each of these examples, the helping verb "to be" helps to form the progressive tense, which is the
tense used for ongoing actions.)

•Bonzo had eaten the chicken before we could stop him.

•Bonzo has eaten the chicken already.
•Bonzo will have eaten it by then.
(In each of these examples, the helping verb "to have" helps to form the perfect tense, which is the
tense used for expressing an action's completion.)
6. Reflexive Verbs. These verbs take the reflexive pronoun, indicating
actions done by the actor for himself.
Example
Scholars pride themselves on their discoveries.
We shared a bottle of wine among ourselves.
Ditransitive verbs, take a direct object (goal) as well as an indirect object
(source / beneficiary).
Before we start on Ditransitive verb let us proceed first what is Direct object and Indirect
object.
Another Example

Direct object ask what and whom

Jack bought a car.

Subject + verb + direct object

What did jack bought? car

Mary invited jane to her wedding. Subject + verb + direct object

Mom made her son a birthday cake
Whom Mary invite to her wedding? Jane Subject+ verb + indirect object + direct object
Indirect object ask to whom, for whom,for what Made what? Birthday cake
Emily handed teacher the home work. Made or whom ? Son

Subject + verb + indirect object + Direct object

Handed what ?home work – Direct object

Handed for whom? Teacher – Indirect object

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