15CVL 204 Surveying

Lecture 1:
Introduction

Dr B. Soundharajan
 Syllabus
• Unit 1
Introduction – classification of surveys – reconnaissance –
principle of working from whole to part – provision of control
– conventional signs
Chain survey – Instruments – principles of chain survey –
field book – plotting – tie line and check line
Compass survey – types of compass types of bearing – dip
and declination – local attraction – traversing – plotting –
error of closure
Plane table survey – two point problem – three point
problem – error in plane tabling
 Syllabus contd…
• Unit 2
Levelling – levelling instruments & its adjustments – fly
levelling – booking – corrections for refraction and curvature
– reciprocal levelling – longitudinal levelling and cross
sectioning – contour surveying – definition – characteristics
– methods & uses of contouring – plotting – areas and
volumes – planimeter – earthwork volume calculation.

Theodolite surveying – study of theodolite and its

adjustments – measurement of horizontal angles – vertical
angles – heights and distances – theodolite traverse –
calculation of co-ordinates – corrections – traversing
conditions for closure.
 Syllabus contd…
• Unit 3
Minor instruments – hand levels – clinometer – Ceylon ghat
tracer – hypsometer – pantagraph – ediograph – box
sextant – telescopic alidade.
Curves – simple, transition and vertical curves – curve
setting by various methods.
Tacheometric surveying – various methods – instrument
constants – analytic lens – tangential system – direct
reading tacheometer – subtense bar – trigonometric
levelling.
Total station
 Course Objectives
– Apply the knowledge of Mathematics, Science &
Engineering to understand the measurement
techniques and Equipment used in land surveying.
– Ability to use techniques, skills, and modern
engineering tools necessary for engineering
practice
– Ability to update the advancements in survey
procedures and equipment
– Ability to function as a member of survey team
 Introduction
• Surveying:
Surveying is defined as
the science of making
measurements of the
earth surface. This is
being carried out by
finding the spatial
location of points on the
surface of the earth.
 Introduction
• Aim of field Survey:
– To measure the horizontal distance between points
– To measure the vertical elevation between points
– To find out the relative direction of lines by measuring
horizontal angles with reference to any arbitrary
direction
– to find the absolute direction by measuring horizontal
angles with reference to fixed direction

Different methods & Instruments are used

 Introduction
• Relative & Absolute Direction
 Introduction
• Relative Direction: Relative
direction refers to the position of
a place or entity with respect to
other locations. 
 Introduction
• Absolute Direction: Absolute direction
describes the location of a place based on a
fixed point on earth.  
• The most common way is to identify the
location using coordinates such as 
latitude and longitude. 
 Survey: Classification
• Plane Surveying: Earth surface is assumed
as flat (curvature of earth is not taken into
consideration).
– Carried out over smaller area (< 250 km2)
• Geodetic Surveying:
– Curvature of earth is taken into consideration
– Larger area > 250 km2
– Line joining any two points is considered as a
curved line
 Survey: Classification
• Based on Instruments used:
– Chain Surveying
– Compass
– Plane table
– Theodolite
– Tacheometric
– Photographic
• Based on method
– Triangulation surveying
– Traverse surveying
 Survey: Other types
• Photogrammetry: mapping utilizing data
obtained by camera or other sensors carried
in airplanes or satellites
• Boundary Survey: Establishing property
corners, boundaries, areas of land parcels
• Control survey: establishing network of
horizontal and vertical reference points that
serve as a bench-marks for other survey
projects
• Engineering survey: providing points and
elevations for civil engineering projects
Methods of measuring distance
• Pacing
– Walking over a line and counting the number
of steps (or paces) ~ 80 cm
– Used where approximate results are required
– Approximately checking the smaller distances
– Length of pace varies
• Individual, height, physical condition
• Nature of ground
• Slope
Methods of measuring distance
• Passometer
– Pocket instrument
– Automatically records the number of paces
– Carried vertically (eg, in pocket)
Methods of measuring distance
• Speedometer
Methods of measuring distance
• Perambulator:
Methods of measuring distance
• Chaining:
– Relatively accurate & common method
– Chains and Tapes are used
– Steel tape – better accuracy
Methods of measuring distance
• Chaining: Steps
– 1. Lining In: straight line (shortest
distance)
– 2. Applying tension: rear chain is
anchored and required tension
applied at head chain
– 3. Marking
– 4. Reading the tape/chain
– 5. Recording the distance
 Accessories
• Arrows
 Accessories
• Ranging Rod
 Accessories
• Chain
– Metric chain
• 20m length - 100 links (each 0.2 m)
• 30m length
– Engineer’s chain
• 100 ft – 100 links
– Gunters’ chain
• 66 ft – 100 links
– Revenue chain
• 33 ft – 16 links
Accessories: Chain
 Survey: Phases
• Decision Making: selection of method,
Equipment & final point locations
• Fieldwork & Data Collection: making
measurements & recording data
• Computing & data processing: prepare
calculations based on the recorded data to
determine the locations in a usable form
• Mapping & data representation: plotting data
to produce a map
Fill the missing readings with all arithmetic checks
(all the readings are in m)
Station BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks
1 3.15         X  
2 1.77   X   0.7 X CP
3   2.2     X X  
4 X   1.85 X   X CP
5   2.44     0.01 X  
6 2.8   X 1.1   X CP
7 1.185   2.010 X   222.2 CP
8
  -2.735   X   X Staff held inverted

9 X   1.685   4.42 X CP
10     1.525   0.805 X  

Σ 12.055   X X X    
Following consecutive level readings were taken at
a interval of 20m, calculate the gradient of the line.
A level is setup at a point 275m
from A and 450m from B, and the
observed readings at A and B are
2.275 and 1.525m respectively.
Find the true difference of level
between A and B.