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    DNA Replication

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    George Tarra
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand through the actions of enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.

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    DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    George Tarra
    55 views6 pages
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand through the actions of enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.

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    DNA replication

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    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand through the actions of enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views6 pages

    DNA Replication

    Uploaded by

    George Tarra
    James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA has a double helix structure, with two antiparallel strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine. DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, using each strand as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand through the actions of enzymes like helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Topic: DNA Structure – the Watson and Crick Model

    Learning Outcome 3 - Model the process of DNA replication using


    Watson and Crick DNA Model, including the nucleotide composition,
    pairing and bonding.

    DNA replication is simply making an exact copy or replica of the DNA.


    DNA replication occurs during the interphase stage so that the DNA is
    equally distributed in the new cells that are produced as a result of cell
    division. In cell division and particularly meiosis, it does not produce
    an exact copy.
    DNA is the polymer of monomers called nucleotides. The nucleotide is
    made up of a phosphate group bonded by a phosphodiester bond to
    the deoxyribose sugar. The deoxyribose sugar is bonded by hydrogen
    bonds to a nitrogenous base.
    James Watson and Francis Crick were two scientists who unraveled the DNA
    structure as a double helix (interwinding of two complementary strands of DNA
    around one another and around a common helical axis). Erwin Chargaff found
    that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) = thymine (T) and guanine (G) = cytosine
    (C) are equal. This parity is obvious in the final DNA structure. The amount of
    purines is always equal to the amount of pyrimidines. For instance if the DNA is
    30 percent adenine, how much would be thymine, cytosine and guanine?
     
    The DNA strands run antiparallel to each other. This is very important for pairing
    of base pairs and the bonding of hydrogen bonds, for stability of the DNA strands
    and for the leading and lagging strands. DNA replication and synthesis is from
    the 5 prime to 3 prime direction.
    Step 1: DNA replication starts with a double-stranded DNA helix molecule.
    Step 2: The enzyme, helicase, attaches to and unwinds the double-stranded
    DNA helix. Helicase also facilitates the breaking of hydrogen bonds between
    the nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine). This would
    lead to the separation of the two DNA strands.
    Step 3: Each of the two now separated DNA single strands act as templates for
    free (available) nucleotides from the nucleoplasm (inside nuclear membrane)
    to join via complementary base pairing, i.e. Adenine bonds with Thymine and
    Guanine bonds with Cytosine. The enzyme, DNA polymerase, moves along the
    DNA strands during this process to catalyse the reaction, allowing
    complementary base pairing to occur.
    Step 4: The enzyme, DNA ligase, secures each of the new DNA strands formed
    with free nucleotides (monomers) with complementary base pairing.
    Step 5: Each DNA double strands return to their chemical stable state by
    winding up spontaneously to form a two double-stranded DNA helix.
    Topic: DNA Replication - the Watson and Crick Model:
    1. Briefly outline the five steps in the DNA replication.
    2. Explain why DNA replication is said to be semiconservative?
    3. The DNA complementary strands run from 5 prime to 3 prime in one strand and 3 prime
    to 5 prime in the other strand which run antiparallel to each other. What does it mean
    DNA strands run antiparallel?
    4. State the functions of the following enzymes
    a) DNA helicase enzyme
    b) DNA polymerase enzyme
    c) DNA primase enzymes
    d) DNA ligase enzymes
    5.For each of the following, state what they are in DNA replication.
    a) Replication folk
    b) Primer
    c) Ozaki fragments
    d) 3’ and 5’ primes
    e) Leading and lagging strands.

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