Various Techniques

in Summarizing
What is Summarizing?
Summarizing teaches students
how to discern the most
important ideas in a text, how to
ignore irrelevant information, and
how to integrate the central ideas
in a meaningful way.
Benefits of Summarizing
1. It helps learners learn to
determine essential ideas and
consolidate important
details that support them.
2. It enables learners to focus on key
words and phrases of an assigned
text that are worth noting and
remembering.
3. It teaches learners how to take a
large selection of text and reduce it
to the main points for more concise
understanding
 There are various
Techniques in
summarizing different
academic texts.
A. Textbook (Short Story)
- One effective technique for
summarizing a short story from
a textbook is by using story
elements.
ELEMENTS of a STORY
1. Setting: A story's setting
refers not only to the
physical location, but also
the time the action takes
place. It is the where and
the when of a story.
Example:
The play Romeo and
Juliet set in thirteenth
century in Verona, Italy
2. Character: Depending on the
nature of the story, characters are
most often people or animals.
- Writers use characters to
perform the actions and speak
the dialogue of a story.
- They are the WHO of a story.
Example:
Romeo – A young man of about
sixteen. The son and heir of the
Montague
Juliet – A beautiful thirteen year old
daughter of the Capulet
Friar Lawrence – A Franciscan friar,
friend to both Romeo and Juliet
3. Plot: The plot relates to the
events that happen in a story.
- Plot can be further divided into
sub-elements such as:
introduction, rising action, climax,
falling action, and resolution.
- It is the what of the story.
Example: Introduction
Two wealthy families, the Montagues
and the Capulets, have another brawl
in the city of Verona. The Prince and
the townspeople cannot cope with
the constant fighting so the Prince
declares that the next person to
break the peace will be killed.
Example: Rising Action
Romeo Montague and his friends gatecrash
a Capulet party and Romeo meets Juliet
Capulet. He falls in love with her instantly.
They are shocked to discover they are
sworn enemies due to their feuding
families. Friar Laurence marries Romeo and
Juliet. Tybalt kills Mercutio and Romeo
avenges his death by killing Tybalt.
Example: Climax
Tybalt kills Mercutio and Romeo avenges
his death by killing Tybalt. The Prince
banishes Romeo because he killed Tybalt.
Capulet, Juliet's father, decides she should
marry Paris. Juliet refuses and goes to
Friar Laurence where they come up with a
plan for Romeo and Juliet to be together.
Example: Falling Action
Juliet fakes her death and lies in a tomb
waiting for Romeo to come so they can run
away together. Romeo doesn't receive the
message about the plan, so thinks Juliet has
actually died. He goes to Verona and sees Juliet
in her tomb, 'dead'. Romeo drinks poison so he
can be with Juliet in death. She wakes up to
discover Romeo is dead. Juliet kills herself with
his dagger.
Example: Resolution
The Capulet and Montague
families vow never to argue again
4. Conflict: Every story worth its
salt requires conflict. This conflict
can be thought of as a challenge or
problem that drives the action of
the story. Setting up a series of
cause and effect events, conflict
gives these events their why.
Example:
The conflict in Romeo and Juliet
happened between their families,
the Montagues and the Capulet.
All of the other problems in the
plot rooted from this feud.
5. Theme: A little more abstract
than the previous elements, the
theme refers to the underlying
insight, the moral or idea that the
writer is expressing through the
story. It is often thought of as the
‘message’ of the story
Example:
Love is basically the Romeo
and Juliet play’s most
dominant theme
B. Shorter Student Text (Short
Story)
- accurately tell the main point
- important details of the
literature
- to evaluate your comprehension
Summarizing an essay can
become enjoyable and
creative with the aid of
graphic organizer to
visualize your thoughts.
Graphic organizer - a visual and
graphic display that depicts the
relationships between facts, terms, and
or ideas within a learning task.
Sometimes referred to as knowledge
maps, concept maps, story maps,
cognitive organizers, advance organizers,
or concept diagrams.
C. Longer Student Text
(Thesis/Dissertation, Research
Papers and Case Study)
- IMRaD format refers to a paper
that is structured by four main
sections: Introduction, Methods,
Results, and Discussion.
1. Introduction
•Explains why this research is important or
necessary
•Describing the problem or situation
•Discussing the current state of research in
the field; then reveal a “gap” or problem in
the field
•Explain how the present research is a
solution to that problem or gap.
2. Methods
• Tells readers how you conducted your study
• Includes information about your population,
sample, methods, and equipment
• Should enable readers to duplicate your
study
• Past tense, use a lot of passive voice
3. Results
• Present your findings
• Contains only the findings, not
any explanation
• Written in the past tense
4. Discussion
• Summarize your main findings,
comment on those findings and
connect them to other research
D. Report (Laboratory Report)-
Laboratory reports are written
to describe and analyze a
laboratory experiment that
explores a scientific concept.
• Enable you to conduct scientific
research
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Review relevant literature to
justify your hypothesis
• Allow someone to replicate your
study
What to remember?
• Laboratory report should be
clear
Sections of a Laboratory Report:

1. Title - should clearly

represent the work presented
Sections of a Laboratory Report:
2. Introduction - State your purpose
of the experiment in general terms
- review the existing information or
the theory, includes basic information
- include a summary of earlier work
with proper references
Sections of a Laboratory Report:
3. Procedure - Describe what you
actually did in the experiment
- includes how apparatus were set
up, a list of materials used, and/or
steps you used to collect the data
Sections of a Laboratory Report:
4. Results - Provide tables showing your
measurement with units, describe the
uncertainties: standard, instrument,
random errors, computation of the final
answer: slope calculation, averages, and
standard deviations all in proper
significant figures
Sections of a Laboratory Report:
5. Discussion/Conclusion - Present
your findings from the experiment,
evaluate the outcome objectively,
taking a candid and unbiased point of
view and suggest improvements
How to Summarize Laboratory Report
Summarize the major section of the
laboratory report -Introduction, Methods,
Results, Discussion/Conclusion- in one or
two sentences. Then, string the
summaries together in a paragraph in the
order the sections come in the final
report.
•Introduction: main objective(s)
of the laboratory; hypothesis
•Procedure: a quick description of
the method
• Results: statement of the overall
findings
•Discussion: judgment about
hypothesis; explanation for
judgment
•Conclusion: what you learned
about the scientific concept