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 Critical
Reading
Strategies
 Learning Competencies

● Use various techniques in summarizing a

variety of academic texts.
 • Annotating
Critical • Outlining
Reading • Analyzing
Strategies • Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Direct Quoting
 • Highlighting or
underlining keywords or
Annotating ideas in the text.
• Writing short
explanations or
comments along the
margins of the page.
 • Write key words of phrases on
the margins in bullet form.
• Write brief notes on the margin.
Some ways to • Write questions or information
that you find confusing.
annotate text: • Write what you already know
about the ideas.
• Underline important words,
phrases, or sentences.
• Create a bank of unfamiliar or
technical words.
• Highlight relevant/essential parts
of the text
• Determine the main idea
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 • Presenting the important
main details of a text.
Outlining • Shows how a text is
organized.
Topic Outline vs. Sentence Outline
 Decimal Outline
1. Main idea 1 2. Main idea 2
1.1. Supporting idea 1 2.1. Supporting idea 1
1.1.1. Evidence 1 2.1.1. Evidence 1
1.1.2. Evidence 2 2.1.2. Evidence 2

Decimal Outline
1.2. Supporting idea 2 2.2. Supporting idea 2
1.2.1. Evidence 1 2.2.1. Evidence 1
1.2.2. Evidence 2 2.2.2. Evidence 2
vs. Alphanumeric Alphanumeric Outline
I. Main idea 1 II. Main idea 2

Outline A. Supporting idea 1

a. Evidence 1
A. Supporting idea 1
a. Evidence 1
b. Evidence 2 b. Evidence 2
B. Supporting idea 2 B. Supporting idea 2
a. Evidence 1 a. Evidence 1
b. Evidence 2 b. Evidence 2
 • Examining the content
by breaking down the
different elements of a
Analyzing text.
• Dividing the text into
different sections – more
focused reading.
• When reading long and
complex material.
 • Often used to share
essential ideas in a book,
book chapter, an article,
and/or parts of it.
Summarizing • Gist or main idea, useful
information, or
keywords or phrases
• Generally done after
reading
• Deepen your understanding of the
text
• Identify relevant information or
key ideas Summarizing is
• Combine details or examples that an important skill
support the main idea/s because it helps
• Concentrate on the gist or main
idea and keywords presented in you:
the text
• Capture the key ideas in the text
and put them together clearly and
concisely
 • It provides an overview of the
source material.
• It is shorter than the original text.
A good summary • It reflects the exact views or ideas
of the author.
has the following • It does not contain comments or
opinions of the person/s writing
characteristics: the summary.
• It contains citations.
What is NOT Summarizing
You are not summarizing when you:
• Write down everything
• Write down ideas from the text word-for-word
(verbatim)
• Write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas
• Write down ideas that are not stated in the text
• Write down a summary that has the same length or
is longer than the original text

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Guidelines in
Summarizing
1. Clarify your purpose before you read.
2. Read the text and understand the meaning. Do not stop
reading until you understand the message conveyed by the
author. Locate the gist or the main idea of the text, which
can usually be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at
the end.
3. Select and underline or circle the key ideas and phrases
while reading; another strategy is to annotate the text.
4. Write all the key ideas and phrases you identified on the
margins or in your notebook in bullet or outline form.
5. Without looking at the text, identify the connections of
these key ideas and phrases using a concept map.
6. List your ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
7. Combine the sentences into a paragraph. Use appropriate
transitional devices to improve cohesion.
8. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the
original text.
9. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the
ideas it presents.
10. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant
ideas.
11. Compare your output with the original text to ensure
accuracy.
12. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s,
date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing,
and URL (if online). It is not necessary to indicate the page
number/s of the original text in citing sources in
summaries.
13. Format your summary properly. When you combine your
summaries in a paragraph, use different formats to show
variety in writing.
Summary
Formats
 Idea Heading Format
Author Heading Format
Date Heading Format
 I dea Heading Format

The summarized idea comes

before the citation.

Benchmarking is a useful strategy that has the potential to help public officials improve
the performance of local services (Folz, 2004; Ammons, 2001). Once the practice of a
particular city is benchmarked, it can be a guidepost and the basis for the other counterparts to
improve their own.
 A uthor Heading Format
The summarized idea comes after the citation. The
author’s name is connected by an appropriate
reporting verb.

The considerable number of users of FB has led educators to utilize FB for communicating with their
students (Grant, 2008; as cited in Donmus, 2010). The study of Kabilan, Ahmad, and Abidin (2010)
shows that the students perceived FB as an online environment to expedite language learning
specifically English. Donmus (2010) asserts that educational games on FB fecundate the learning
process and make the students’ learning environment more engaging. As regards literacy, the notion
reveals that FB could be used as a tool to aid individuals execute a range of social acts through social
literacy implementation (ibid). Blackstone and Htardwood (2012) suggest the facilitative strength of
FB as it elicits greater engagement on collaboration among students.
 D ate Heading Format

The summarized idea comes after the date

when the material was published.

On the other hand, active participation of the citizens in development contributes to sound
and reasonable government decisions. In their 2004 study on the impact of participatory
development approach, Irvin and Stansbury argue that participation can be valuable to
the citizens and the government in terms of the process and outcomes of decision
making.
Using Reporting • Reporting Verb – a word used to
discuss another person’s writings or
Verbs when assertions.
• They are used to incorporate the
Summarizing source to the discussion in the text.

Having a syntactically correct sentence is

not enough to create meaning. As Noam
Note: Chomsky pointed out, a sentence can be
Past tense – idea to be outdated perfect in terms of syntax and still not
and you want to negate it make sense. He showed this by coming
Present tense – idea to be
up with the famous sentence, “Colorless
relevant or agreeable
green ideas sleep furiously” (Chomsky,
1957).
 Comparing Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct
Quoting
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
does not match the source word for word matches the source word for
word
involves putting the main involves putting a passage cited part appears between
idea(s) into your own words from a source into your own quotation marks
words (restating) but retains Page number where the
and fully communicates the statement was taken must
original meaning be included (p. –single page;
pp. multiple pages; - for
range of pages)
presents a broad overview, may be similar in length to usually a short part of the
usually shorter than the the original text text
original text
must be attributed to the original source
citations are required and reporting verbs are used
 When to use Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Direct
Quoting
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting

1. Summarize a text that has long 1. Paraphrase a short text with one or 1 Quote text that conveys powerful
sections (ex. A page or a chapter of a two sentences or a paragraph with a message or will show less impact if it
book or the book itself; a paragraph maximum if five (5) sentences. is paraphrased/summarized.
of an essay or the essay itself).

2. Summarize when you want to: 2. Paraphrase when you want to: 2. Quote directly when you want to:
a. Avoid or minimize direct a. Avoid or minimize direct a. Begin your discussion with the
quotation; or quotation; or author’s stand; or
b. Use the main idea of the text and b. Rewrite the author’s words by b. highlight the author’s expertise
write it in your own words. not changing the message or use in your claim, argument, or
your own words to state the discussion.
author’s ideas.
Guidelines in
Paraphrasing
1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop reading
until you understand the message conveyed by the author.
2. Use a pen to mark or highlight the key words or main idea of
the text.
3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you
highlighted when you read it.
4. Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas
in the text.
5. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase.
6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase should have
the same meaning as the original text.
7. Check the sentence structure. The sentence structure if your
paraphrase should be different from the original text.
8. Refrain from adding comments about the text. Stick to the
ideas presented in the text.
9. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s,
date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and
URL [if online]).
10. Format your paraphrase properly. When you combine your
paraphrases in a paragraph, use different formats to show
variety in writing.
 Guidelines in
Direct Quoting
1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to use.
2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and ending of the
quote.
3. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s,
date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, URL
[if online] and page number/s). Indicating the page number/s
is necessary in citing sources when quoting.
4. Format your quotation properly. If your quotation consists of
less than 40 words, it should be presented as part of the text.
Check the example:
5. Direct quotation should not be used to replace paraphrasing or
summarizing.

Using Reporting Verbs when Paraphrasing and Direct

Quoting

• They are also used in paraphrasing and direct quoting to

integrate your sources in the text.
• Follow the same guidelines as with summarizing.
Original Passage

What is plagiarism? In minor cases, it can be the quotation of a sentence or

two, without quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true
author. In the most serious cases, a significant fraction of the entire work was written
by someone else but the plagiarist removed the author(s), name(s), and substituted
his/her name, perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then submitted the work for
credit in a class (e.g., term paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a degree
(e.g., thesis or dissertation), or as part of a published article or book.
Stander, R. B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic policy.
http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf
Summarized
Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any relevant information of another
without giving proper credit or acknowledgment (Standler, 2012).

Paraphrased
According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in small cases, which happens when
small parts of a passage are used without enclosing them in quotation marks and citing the author.
It can also occur in more grave situations. In these instances, big chunks of the original text are
used. There are changes in the format, but the original author is not attributed to and the work is
claimed as the plagiarist's own and submitted to comply with academic requirements or as a part
of a material for publication.

Direct quoted
Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be "the quotation of a sentence or two, without
quotation marks and without a citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author" (p. 5).