LESSON1

Balance use of words
FAULTY
My friend is honest, sincere, and possesses
PARALLELISM:
humility.
PARALLEL/
My friendREVISED:
is honest, sincere, and
humble.
Balance use of phrase
FAULTY
PARALLELISM:
Seeing a ghost is to believe in ghosts.
PARALLEL/
Seeing REVISED:
a ghost is believing in
ghosts.
Balance use of clause
FAULTY
The applicant was told that he got the job and
PARALLELISM:
to start the next day.
PARALLEL/
REVISED:
The applicant was told that he got the
job and that he could start the next
Sentence 1: I have been to many places in the Philippines.
Sentence 2: I have already gone to Puerto Princesa, Davao, South
Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, and Baguio City, among others.
Combined Sentences: I have been to many places in the Philippines.

For example, I have already gone to Puerto
Princesa, Davao, South Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, and
Baguio City, among others.
Sentence 1: I know you don’t like to study.
Sentence 2: You must pass your exam.
Combined Sentences: I know you don’t like

to study. Even so, you must
pass your exam.
Sentence 1: Surfing takes much practice and skill.
Sentence 2: Learning to write well requires a
great deal of practice.
Combined Sentences: Surfing takes much practice and

skill. In the same way, learning to
write well requires a great deal of
practice.
Sentence 1: The bookstore sells affordable gift
items.
Sentence 2: They have the best gift items
around.
Combined Sentences: The bookstore sells gift items. In

fact, they have the best gift items
around.
Text as a Connected
Discourse
LESSON 1
THREE ELEMENTS OF PARAGRAPH
YNIUT AMSEPHIS
UNITY EMPHASIS
CROERHNEC
COHERENCE
TEXT vs.
DISCOURSE
Text is derived from Latin word texere, which
means to weave, while discourse comes from the
Latin word discursus, which denotes
conversations speech.
Merriam-Webster
A piece of writing or speech or the main body of a printed ow
written matter on a page, while a discourse is defined as the use
of words to exchange thoughts and ideas. It is also defined as a
long talk or piece of writing about a subject.
Crystal (1972:72)
A piece of naturally occurring spoken, written, or signed
discourse identified for purpose of analysis. It is often a language
unit with definable communicative function, such as a
conversation, a poster. Discourse on the other hand, is a
continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a
sentence , often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon,
argument, joke, or narrative.
Cook (1989:158)
A stretch of language interpreted formula without context. He
defines discourse as stretch of language perceived to be
meaningful, unified and purposive.
CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
In linguistics, it is a continuous sequence of sounds forming
utterances or conversations in spoken language. A piece of
discourse consists of more than one sentences coherently
combined-meaning logical and well-organized, easy to
understand and work closely and well together.
COHERENCE
The unifying element in a text and discourse. It is about how
ideas in a sentence are arranged and are connected so that the
information or points are properly understood. The absence of
coherence in a discourse forces the reader to stop and read back
or the listener to stop and clarify.
Three Basic Considerations to Achieve
Coherence:
a. the use transitional words and phrases to
show relationship
b. repeating key words and phrases
c. and using parallel form.
Here are some useful transitions that you
can use in your writing:
1. To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, indeed, to illustrate
2. To compare: also, likewise, similarly, in the same way, at the same time
3. To contrast: although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though,
despite of, in spite of, nevertheless, in contrary, on the other hand, even though,
though, however, notwithstanding
4. To show addition: and, also, again, in addition, furthermore, moreover
5. To show place or duration: above, below, beneath, beyond, farther, here
6. To summarize: in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, all in all
7. To show time: after, before, during, finally, afterward, next, since, then, until,
while, immediately, later, as soon as, finally
8. To indicate logical relationship: because, therefore, thus, for this reason, hence, if,
otherwise, as a result, accordingly

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Balance use of words

Combined Sentences: I have been to many places in the Philippines.

Combined Sentences: I know you don’t like

Combined Sentences: Surfing takes much practice and

Combined Sentences: The bookstore sells gift items. In

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