Channel Equalizer

ISI
 Overview of a Digital
Communication System
Transmitter

Data Source Encoder Modulator

AWGN
Physical Channel

Receiver
Decision
Demodulator Equalizer
Device

Decoder

Block Diagram of a Digital Communication System

 Overview of a Digital
Communication System (Contd..)

Data Source

AWGN
Physical Channel

Decision Decoder
Equalizer
Device

Baseband Model of a Digital Communication System

Digital Channel Equalizers : -
 Located in the front end of the receivers ( in series with
the channel )
 Inverse system of the channel model ( Transfer function
of the equalizer is inverse to the transfer function of the
channel )
 Use to reduce : -
> Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
> Inter User Interference in the form of Co-channel
Interference ( CCI )
> Adjacent Channel Interference ( ACI )
in the presence of Additive White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN).
Transfer function of equalizer
Equalizer Types
Linear vs. Nonlinear Equalization Techniques

• Linear ‐No feedback filter present in the

equalizer, the equalization is linear
Ex. Linear Transversal equalizer

• Non linear ‐feed back filter is present, the

equalization is nonlinear
Ex. Decision feedback equalizer
 Linear Equalizer
• This filter structure has a computational
complexity that is a linear function of the channel
dispersion length L.
• The non linear channel equalizer has a
computational complexity that grows
exponentially with the length of the channel time
dispersion.
• The linear filter most often used for equalization is
the transversal filter shown in figure in next page
Linear Equalizer
Non Linear equalizer
Decision Feedback eqalizer
 LMS Algorithm
• Most popular adaptation algorithm is LMS
Define cost function as mean-squared error

• Based on the method of steepest descent

Move towards the minimum on the error surface to get to
minimum
gradient of the error surface estimated at every iteration
 LMS Adaptive Algorithm
• Introduced by Widrow & Hoff in 1959
• Simple, no matrices calculation involved in the adaptation
• In the family of stochastic gradient algorithms
• Approximation of the steepest – descent method
• Based on the MMSE criterion.(Minimum Mean square
Error)
• Adaptive process containing two input signals:
• 1.) Filtering process, producing output signal.
• 2.) Desired signal (Training sequence)
• Adaptive process: recursive adjustment of filter tap weights
 LMS Algorithm Steps
• Filter output

• Estimation error

• Tap-weight adaptation

20
 Stability of LMS
• The LMS algorithm is convergent in the mean square if and
only if the step-size parameter satisfy

• Here max is the largest eigenvalue of the correlation matrix

of the input data
• More practical test for stability is

• Larger values for step size

– Increases adaptation rate (faster adaptation)
– Increases residual mean-squared error
 Zero forcing algorithm for Equalizer Weights

 Zero forcing algorithm is used to identify the weights of channel equalizer.

The equalizer weights are chosen such that.
 If the filter weights are 2N+1, and N is number of inputs, then the input vector
x is created of (2N+1) by (2N+1)

X= input vector