CHINESE CIVILIZATION

CHINA
China is the world s largest nation in terms of population One of the oldest continuing civilizations, going back more than six thousand years ago It has the world s oldest written language continually used China s cultural influence extends beyond its boundaries, and has reached Japan, Korea, Indochina, Philippines and Chinese communities around the world

CHINA
China s name came from the Qin (Chin) emperor (221 BC) Persians and Indians knew the country as cin or cina Other names of China in history were sinae, sinae, cathay, cathay, or sino. sino. Mandarin Chinese call their country Zhonguo, Zhonguo, meaning middle kingdom

CHINA
China has a population of 1.3 billion people in the mainland 3 China s
People s Republic of China (PROC) in the mainland Republic of China (ROC) Taiwan Overseas Chinese in other countries

CHINA

CHINA
China is bordered in the north by Siberia s frozen steppes and Mongolia s Gobi desert In the south by the southern jungle In the southwest by Tibet and the mountains of the Himalayas These natural barriers isolated and enabled it to develop distinct civilization

CHINA

CHINA
3 Great Rivers of China: Huang Ho (Yellow river) Chang (Yangtze) Xi The Huang Ho is the cradle of Chinese civilization

CHINA
The Chinese belong to the yellow race descended from Han (92%), Mongol, Tartar and other tribes of Asia The Chinese are of slender physique, medium height and slant, almond eyes They are hardy and resilient, frugal, industrious and patient

CHINA
Mandarin, the dialect of the north, is the official Mandarin, language due to the communist takeover There are many dialects as there are provinces Cantonese, Fookien, Hakka Fookien, China is officially atheist because religion is banned by the communist government but many chinese still practice old beliefs

CHINA
China is the food basket of the world, growing vast supplies of rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, fruits, cotton and other crops China is one of the largest manufacturing base and consumer markets in the world, with a potential exceeding that of America and Europe

HISTORY

Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou was the longest ruling dynasty of China (Chou, 112-256 BC) 112 The dynasty was founded by Emperor Wu Wang But Wu Wang was more of a figurehead with the power really belonged to warlords

Zhou Dynasty
3 accomplishments of the Zhou dynasty The feudal system was consolidated The civil service was established Chinese philosophy flourished

Age of Philosophers
The study of the social relations of man (philosophy) began in ancient China, before the Greeks in West Confucius (551-479 BC) (551 Lao Zi (Lao Tse, 604-517 BC) Tse, 604 Mencius (373-289 BC) (373-

Confucius
Confucius (Kung-fu-tzu, the scholar ) was (Kung-fu-tzu, China s greatest philosopher His teachings on ethics and harmonious relations and order gave new direction to an otherwise disorderly China Golden Rule: What you do not want others to do to you, do not do to others.

Confucius
Confucianism became the official code of conduct throughout China s imperial history Mastery of the Confucian texts was required for entry into the civil service of the government

Lao Zi
Next to Confucius in fame was Lao Zi ( the old scholar ), founder of Daoism (Taoism) According to Lao Zi, Zi, anyone can find true happiness by practicing virtues of humility, patience and selfself-control

Lao Zi
Daoism gave rise to acupuncture, feng shui, yin shui, and yang, nature gods, Jade emperor, incense burning, ancestor worship and other beliefs of Chinese folk religion

Mencius
Mencius was the greatest disciple of Confucius Mencius believed that the People are the most important element of the state. If an emperor had lost the mandate of heaven, then he had no more right to rule.

Qin (Chin) Dynasty

In 221 BC, a relatively unknown ruler from western China conquered the warring states and united the country, giving China his name He declared himself as the first emperor, and name himself Shi Huangdi, First Emperor Huangdi, Shi Huangdi created a military power, built the Great Wall of China

Qin (Chin) Dynasty

Shi Huangdi also left to the world an entire army of 8,000 terracota soldiers and chariots that guard his tomb at Xian, Shaanxi province

Terracotta Army

Han Dynasty
The Han dynasty created a lasting cultural identity, and the Chinese majority still call themselves Men of Han Han established the Silk Road trade across the Asian continent connecting it to the West During the Han dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state

Han Dynasty
The invention of paper is regarded as one of China s greatest legacy. It revived intellectual, literary, and artistic works Sima Qian, the father of Chinese history, Qian, wrote the ancient historical records The first Chinese dictionary was compiled Pan Chao, China s greatest female historian, Chao, wrote the first dynastic history of the Han

Han Dynasty
Love for the written word made calligraphy an art form, higher than painting and drama

Han Dynasty
At the time, the Han dynasty and the Roman empire were the two greatest powers in the world Several Roman embassies came to China, and vice versa, Chinese missions went west

Tang Dynasty
The Tang dynasty (618 907 AD) is considered the greatest dynasty to rule China It was founded by Li Yuan at the Xian province China became the mightiest and the only empire in world at the time especially as Europe has been plunged into the Dark Ages Golden Age of Chinese literature and art

Tang Dynasty
Printing by movable blocks was invented by Feng Tao in 932 AD Woodblock printing made the written word available to a wider audience

Tang Dynasty
With many books in circulation, more people learned to read and write The spread of information caused a knowledge revolution, more schools and colleges were opened The world s oldest printed book, a Buddhist text entitled the Diamond Sutra, was printed by Wang Chieh in 868 AD

Tang Dynasty
Poetry became part of the imperial exams and a popular pastime Li Po (Li Bai, 701-762), the immortal poet, Bai, 701wrote love lyrics and is considered one of the best ancient poets Tu Fu (Du Fu, 712-770), the poet sage, became 712the idol of the masses because he was an unconventional rebel

Soong Dynasty
Soong Dynasty (Song, Chao, Sung, 960-1279 AD) 960 Trade oriented more towards the sea, rather than the overland route Developed trade with the Philippines and nearby SEA countries

Soong Dynasty
First paper money currency First Chinese permanent navy Invention and use of gunpowder for warfare

Yuan Dynasty
Mongol rule in China began after Genghis Khan and his yellow horde of horsemenhorsemenwarriors overran North and Central Asia

Yuan Dynasty
Genghis grandson, Kublai Khan, continued his Khan, empire, defeated the Soongs and became emperor of both China and Mongolia

Yuan Dynasty
In 1266 Kublai Khan ordered the construction of his capital at what is now Beijing When he declared himself emperor, Kublai said he had the mandate from heaven.

Yuan Dynasty
In 1275, Marco Polo, the famous Venetian Polo, traveler, visited Kublai s court and brought back tales that stirred Western interest in the richness of the East

Ming Dynasty
The Ming was the last dynasty by ethnic Hans (1368(1368-1644) Its founding ruler Zhu Yuanzhang took the title Ming Chao, which means Brilliant Chao, Ming emperors restored Chinese culture and the classics, to rub out the memory of the Mongol Yuans

Ming Dynasty
They undertook major construction projects such as renovation of the Great Wall and lastly they built the Forbidden City, the inner palace City, for the emperor at Beijing

Ming Dynasty
China became the mistress of the Oriental seas, and their fleet patrolled the waters of SEA and the Indian Ocean The South China Sea became like a Chinese lake, whose coastal countries gave tribute to the Chinese emperor Chinese products, especially silk and the newnewstyle glazed Ming porcelain, became like gold

Manchu (Qing) Dynasty

The Manchu dynasty was the last ruling empire of China (1644-1912) (1644 The dynasty was founded by the Manchus, an Manchus, ethnic minority, who were related more to the Mongols than to the Hans They are probably the most unpopular rulers of China, and the reason why the Chinese empire was brought down

Manchu (Qing) Dynasty

To keep the hair, you lose the head; to keep the head, you cut the hair 25 million men were slaughtered because of the enforcement of the hair queue

Chinese Contributions
China s four greatest contributions to mankind were: Paper Printing Gunpowder Compass

Chinese Contributions
1. The first paper, brush and ink, for writing, the first printing press, gunpowder for festivals an warfare, the compass and the water mill 2. Silk and the silk industry

3. Confucianism, or the belief in harmonious relations and ethical behavior, and Chinese folk behavior, beliefs, like acupuncture and feng shui

4. The first paper money 5. The first printed books and newspaper (Peking (Peking Gazette) Gazette) 6. The fan, umbrella, paper lantern, chopsticks, kites, calligraphy, and pagoda architecture

7. Sports and recreation, such as soccer, martial arts, pingpong, mah jong, tai chi and qiqong pingpong, jong,

8. Rocket warfare and first book on military strategy by Sun Tzu 9. Monuments like the Great Wall of China, the Grand Canal of Shanghai, the terracotta army and Ming tombs, and the Forbidden City 10.The 10.The concept of direction, that there is an east, west, north and south

Foreign Devils
The Chinese looked down on foreigners and prided themselves as the best There can only be one sun in the sky All outsiders are foreign devils or barbarians

Opium Wars
Opium was introduced by the British East India Company because they reaped huge profits from the addiction caused by the narcotic drug

Opium Wars
The Manchu empire lost two opium wars
Firts Opium war was against the United Kingdom Second Opium war against the United Kingdom and France

China lost Hong Kong, Kowloon, eastern Siberia, Kong, and a fine of $121 million The War is now considered in China as the beginning of modern Chinese history

Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping rebellion was actually a disastrous civil war that erupted in China to try to dislodged the Manchu rule and the foreign devils Led by Hong Xinquian, a religious rebel who Xinquian, founded a cult, with God the father, Jesus the elder brother, and himself as younger brother

Taiping Rebellion
The Manchu empire won the civil war with the help of British and French soldiers The Taiping rebellion was one of the bloodiest in history costing nearly 30 million lives, with damages up to $200 million

SinoSino-Japanese War
Barely had China recovered from the disorders when it lost humiliatingly to Japan in the SinoSinoJapanese War (1894-95) (1894 Meiji Japan had seen an opportunity to expand its power and encouraged Korea to separate from the Manchus in 1894 After the war, China lost both Korea and Taiwan to the Japanese

Carving up China
The Westerners and Japan took advantage of China s weakness to slice it up into their own spheres of influence

Carving up China
A sphere of influence was a territory in which a foreign nation had exclusive right to trade and develop resources

Carving up China
An Open Door Policy was however, suggested by the United States in which the western nations agreed to avoid going to war with each other

Boxer Rebellion
In 1898, the Chinese dowager empress Cixi encouraged the Boxers, a secret martial arts Boxers, society to go after all Westerners Boxers Fists Society of Righteous and Harmonious

Boxer Rebellion
The boxers siege a foreign compound in Beijing that lasted for 55 days in 1900 The boxers also attacked and isolated Western and Japanese compounds An allied army, however, defeated the Boxers

Boxer Rebellion
Empress Cixi packed up and hastily fled after the Boxers lost On her deathbed, Empress Cixi named her 2 year old nephew, Henry Pu-Yi, as the boy Pu-Yi, emperor. The boy emperor was China s last emperor

Nationalist Revolution
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen, inspired by Yat-Sen, the Philippine revolution, dreamed of emancipating China through similar movements Father of Chinese Revolution Father of Chinese Republic

Nationalist Revolution
Double Ten - on October 10, 1911, Chinese military troops in Szechuan mutinied against Manchu rule Dr. Sun was elected president of the Chinese Republic, set up in Nanjing on January 1, 1912 However, disunity among the revolutionary ranks led to separate commands, and thus, a central government was not established

Nationalist Revolution
Dr. Sun founded the KMT (Koumintang Nationalist Party) Party) After WW1, Dr. Sun proclaimed another revolution to unite China under one government The Nationalist revolution (1916-1928) at first (1916brought unity between the KMT and the communists

Nationalist Revolution
In 1924, Dr. Sun laid down three guiding principles for China (1) nationalism, (2) nationalism, democracy, democracy, (3) people s livelihood Dr. Sun died in 1925, without seeing his dream realized. He was succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek, Kai-shek, his son-in-law, who continued the fight to unite son-inChina

Communist Revolution
China is divided into two lands, with two great historical leaders Mao Zedong of mainland China, and Chiang Kai-shek of Taiwan Kai Their war began with the civil wars and the communist revolution in China after WW2

Communist Revolution
In the 1920 s, Russian communists helped to form the CCP (China Communist Party) Party) The CCP combined forces with peasant rebels in the countryside, which enabled them to control several areas in southern China

Communist Revolution
Long March the epic march over mountains, rivers and plains, taking 18 months, 12,500 kms and killed half of the 100,000 marchers

Communist Revolution
Due to their discipline and popularity with the masses, the Chinese communists gained strength By 1948, the tide had turned and the communists won their war of liberation Chiang Kai Shek retreated to the island of Taiwan with remnants of his army and people who did not want to remain under communists rule

Communist China
The new communist government was called the People s Republic of China (PROC) (PROC) The PROC was a communist party dictatorship, like that of Soviet Russia The chief executive was Mao Zedong, assisted Zedong, by Zhou Enlai, the premier, and various Enlai, ministers

Communist China

Mao Zedong

Zhou Enlai

Communist China
The Chinese communists made tremendous changes in China All private lands, factories, banks, newspapers, schools and radio stations were placed under state control In towns and villages, a people s tribunal tried all persons, particularly landowners and professionals, who were denounced as traitors to the people

Communist China
The government controlled everything, including the prices of goods and services, the media, arts, music, education

Communist China
Communism gave China a unity and stability that it had not known for centuries The Chinese, who were used to an authoritarian centralized rule, accepted the communist way of life

Mao Zedong
Without any opposition Chairman Mao ruled China as a virtual dictator He was very popular with the masses Through three decades of his rule, Mao ruled like an emperor in all but name

Mao Zedong
His Little Red Book was published, distributed freely to the people, and was required to be memorized Political power comes out of the barrel of a gun

 January 8, 1977, Premier Zhou Enlai died at the age of 77 September 8, 1977, Chairman Mao, the father of communist China, died at the age of 82

PostPost-Mao China
The communist founders of China would be very surprised if they could see China today It has a prospering capitalist economy, where the new slogan is:

To get rich is glorious!

PostPost-Mao China
China is communist in name only today The economy has moved to capitalism, where capitalism, private ownership of business and homes is allowed and foreign investors are welcome

PostPost-Mao China
The reforms began in the 1980 s and were led by Mao s successor as party chairman, Deng Xiaoping (1904-97) (1904 He led liberal reformers into changing the economic, but not the political, structure of China

PostPost-Mao China
Under the reforms, China opened to the world The cult personality of Mao Zedong was set aside and the foreign devils Westerners were welcomed back, bringing new technology, capital and business

PostPost-Mao China
China s economy boomed. High technology factories, skyscraper buildings, shopping malls, modern superhighways, and Western fast food restaurants sprouted all over cities

PostPost-Mao China
A decade ago in Shanghai, the largest city, 100 new buildings were built in a year, today, 100 new buildings rise in a month alone

PostPost-Mao China
After the global recession in 2008, the Chinese economy grew more than any other national economy The Chinese government accumulated the world s largest treasury over US$ 2 trillion in cash China became the main creditor of the US, holding another $2 trillion in US debts

PostPost-Mao China
In 2008, China hosted the World Olympic games at Beijing to display their newfound glory

Sorrows of China
Dictatorial communist government backed by one of the largest armed forces in the world Corruption in government, business deals and foreign ventures No freedom of religion a communist state is an atheist state No freedom of speech or other civil and political rights

Sorrows of China
Substandard products that can be dangerous or toxic Environmental problems and disregard for health and safety of people in the desire to increase production Legalized abortion, and a strict one-child policy, oneeven dictating no children for undesirable parents

Sorrows of China
Maltreatment of ethnic minorities, like Tibetans, and Muslim Uighurs Discontentment among young people about their government and society