15 Chemical Kinetics

Chemical kinetics: the study of reaction rate, n a quantity conditions affecting it, the molecular events during a chemical reaction (mechanism), and presence of other components (catalysis). Factors affecting reaction rate: Concentrations of reactants Catalyst Temperature Surface area of solid reactants or catalyst

What quantities do we study regarding chemical reactions?

15 Chemical Kinetics 1

Reaction Rate Defined

Reaction rate: changes in a concentration of a product or a reactant per unit time. ([ ] Reaction rate = (t concentration []

change (t Define reaction rate and explain Average reaction rate Instantaneous reaction rate (2 tangents shown) Initial reaction rate 15 Chemical Kinetics

([ ]

t
2

Expressing reaction rates

For a chemical reaction, there are many ways to express the reaction rate. The relationships among expressions depend on the equation. Note the expression and reasons for their relations for the reaction 2 NO + O2 (g) = 2 NO2 (g) ([O2] 1 ([NO] 1 ([NO2] Reaction rate = = = (t 2 (t 2 (t Make sure you can write expressions for any reaction and figure out the relationships. For example, give the reaction rate expressions for 2 N2O5 = 4 NO2 + O2 How can the rate expression be uniqueKineticsuniversal? 15 Chemical and
3

Calculating reaction rate

The concentrations of N2O5 are 1.24e-2 and 0.93e-2 M at 600 and 1200 s after the reactants are mixed at the appropriate temperature. Evaluate the reaction rates for 2 N2O5 = 4 NO2 + O2 Solution: (0.93 1.24)e-2 0.31e-2 M Decomposition rate of N2O5 = = 1200 600 600 s = 5.2e-6 M s-1. Note however, rate of formation of NO2 = 1.02e-5 M s-1. rate of formation of O2 = 2.6e-6 M s-1.
Be able to do this type problems
15 Chemical Kinetics

The reaction rates are expressed in 3 forms

Determine Reaction Rates

To measure reaction rate, we measure the concentration of either a reactant or product at several time intervals. The concentrations are measured using spectroscopic method or pressure (for a gas). For example, the total pressure increases for the reaction: 2 N2O5 (g) p 4 NO2 (g) + O2(g) Because 5 moles of gas products are produced from 2 moles of gas reactants. For the reaction CaCO3 (s) p CaO(s) + CO2 (g) The increase in gas pressure is entirely due to CO2 formed.
15 Chemical Kinetics 5

barometer

Differential Rate Laws

Dependence of reaction rate on the concentrations of reactants is called the rate law, which is unique for each reaction. For a general reaction, a A + b B + c C p products the rate law has the general form order wrt A, B, and C, determined experimentally reaction rate = k [A]X [B]Y [C]Z the rate constant For example, the rate law is rate = k [Br-] [BrO3-] [H+] for Use differentials to express rates
6

5 Br- + BrO3- + 6 H+ p 3Br2 + 3 H2O

15 Chemical Kinetics

The reaction is 1st order wrt all three reactants, total order 3.

Variation of Reaction rates and Order

2nd order, rate = k [A]2 rate First order, rate = k [A] k = rate, 0th order [A]

[A] = ___?

The variation of reaction rates as functions of concentration for various order is interesting.
15 Chemical Kinetics Mathematical analysis is an important scientific tool, worth noticing. 7

Differential Rate Law determination

Estimate the orders and rate constant k from the results observed for the reaction? What is the rate when [H2O2] = [I-] = [H+] = 1.0 M? H2O2 + 3 I- + 2 H+ p I3- + 2 H2O Exprmt 1 2 3 4 [H2O2] 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.010 [I-] 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 [H+] 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0100 Initial rate M s-1 1.15e-6 2.30e-6 2.30e-6 1.15e-6

Learn the strategy to determine the rate law from this example. Figure out the answer without writing down anything. Solution next
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Differential Rate Law determination - continue

Estimate the orders from the results observed for the reaction H2O2 + 3 I- + 2 H+ p I3- + 2 H2O Exprmt 1 2 3 4 [H2O2] 0.010 0.020 0.010 0.010 [I-] 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.010 [H+] 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0100 Initial rate M s-1 1.15e-6 2.30e-6 1 for H2O2 2.30e-6 1 for I1.15e-6 0 for H+

1.15e-6 = k [H2O2]x [I-]y [H+]z 1.15e-6 k (0.010)x(0.010)y(0.0050)z ----------- = ------------------------------------2.30e-6 k (0.020)x(0.010)y(0.0050)z x=1 n exprmt 1 n exprmt 2 1 ---- = 2

( )

1 --- x 2
9

15 Chemical Kinetics

Differential Rate Law determination - continue

Other orders are determined in a similar way as shown before. Now, lets find k and the rate Thurs, rate = 1.15e-6 = k (0.010)(0.010) from exprmt 1 k = 1.15e-6 M s-1 / (0.010)(0.010) M3 = 0.0115 M-1 s-1 And the rate law is therefore, d [H2O2] k rate = = 0.0115 [H2O2] [I-] dt The rate when [H2O2] = [I-] = [H+] = 1.0 M: The rate is the same as the rate constant k, when concentrations of reactants are all unity (exactly 1), doesnt matter what the orders are.
15 Chemical Kinetics 10

a differential rate law total order 2

Differential Rate Law determination continue

The reaction rate d[H2O2]/dt = 0.0115 [H2O2] [I], for H2O2 + 3 I- + 2 H+ p I3- + 2 H2O What is d[I]/dt when [H2O2] = [I] = 0.5? Solution: Please note the stoichiometry of equation and how the rate changes. d[I]/dt = 3 d[H2O2]/dt = 3* 0.0115 [H2O2] [I] = 0.0345 * 0.5 * 0.5 = 0.0086 M s-1 In order to get a unique rate constant k, we evaluate k for the reaction a A + b B p product this way rate = -1/a d[A]/dt = -1/b d[B]/dt = k [A]x [B]y
15 Chemical Kinetics Note the reaction rate expression and the stoichiometry of equation. 11

Differential Rate Law determination - continue

From the following reaction rates observed in 4 experiments, derive the rate law for the reaction A + B + C p products where reaction rates are measured as soon as the reactants are mixed. Expt [A]o [B]o [C]o rate 1 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 2 0.200 0.100 0.100 0.800 3 0.200 0.300 0.100 7.200 4 0.100 0.100 0.400 0.400

This example illustrates the strategy to determine, and a reliable method to solve rate-law experimentally.
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Solution next
12

Differential Rate Law determination - continue

From the following reaction rates, derive the rate law for the reaction A + B + C p products where reaction rates are measured as soon as the reactants are mixed. Expt [A]o [B]o [C]o rate 1 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 2 0.200 0.100 0.100 0.800 3 0.200 0.300 0.100 7.200 4 0.100 0.100 0.400 0.400 order 3 from expt 1 & 2 2 expt 1, 2 & 3 1 expt 1 & 4

Assume rate = k [A]x[B]y[C]z Therefore 8 = 2x log 8 = x log 2 x = log 8 / log 2 =3 0.800 k 0.2x 0.1y 0.1z ----- = ---------------------0.100 k 0.1x 0.1y 0.1z
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Integrated Rate Laws

concentrations as functions of time
One reactant A decomposes in 1st or 2nd order rate law. Differential rate law d[A] / dt = k d[A] = k [A] dt d[A] = k [A]2 dt Integrated rate law [A] = [A]o k t [A] = [A]o e k t or ln [A] = ln [A]o k t 1 1 = k t [A] [A]o [A] conc at t [A]o conc at t = 0

Describe, derive and apply the integrated rate laws Learn the strategy to determine rate-law Kinetics 15 Chemical
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Concentration and time of 1st order reaction

Describe the features of plot of [A] vs. t and ln[A] vs. t for 1st order reactions. Apply the technique to evaluate k or [A] at various times.

[A] [A] = [A]o e k t

ln[A] ln [A] = ln [A]o k t

t t
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Half life & k of First Order Decomposition

The time required for half of A to decompose is called half life t1/2. Since When Thus [A] = [A]o e k t t = t1/2, [A] = [A]o ln [A]o = ln [A]o k t1/2 ln 2 = k t1/2 k t1/2 = ln 2 = 0.693 n relationship between k and t1/2 Radioactive decay usually follow 1st order kinetics, and half life of an isotope is used to indicate its stability. or ln [A] = ln [A]o k t

Evaluate t from k or k from t

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1st order reaction calculation

N2O5 decomposes according to 1st order kinetics, and 10% of it decomposed in 30 s. Estimate k, t and percent decomposed in 500 s.

If the rate-law is known, what are the key parameters?

Solution next
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1st order reaction calculation

N2O5 decomposes according to 1st order kinetics, and 10% of it decomposed in 30 s. Estimate k, t and percent decomposed in 500 s. Solution: Assume [A]o = [N2O5]o = 1.0, then [A] = 0.9 at t = 30 s or 0.9 = 1.0 e k t apply [A]o = [A] e k t ln 0.9 = ln 1.0 k 30 s 0.1054 = 0 k * 30 k = 0.00351 s 1 t = 0.693 / k = 197 s apply k t = ln 2 [A] = 1.0 e 0.00351*500 = 0.173 Percent decomposed: 1.0 0.173 = 0.827 or 82.7 %
After 2 t (2*197=394 s), [A] = ()2 =, 75% decomposed. After 3 t (3*197=591 s), [A] = ()3 =1/8, 87.5% decomposed.
15 Chemical Kinetics Apply integrated rate law to solve problems 18

Typical Problem wrt 1st Order Reaction

The decomposition of A is first order, and [A] is monitored. The following data are recorded: t / min 0 [A]/[M] 0.100 2 0.0905 4 0.0819 8 0.0670

Calculate k (What is the rate constant? k = 0.0499) Calculate the half life (What is the half life? Half life = 13.89) Calculate [A] when t = 5 min. (What is the concentration when t = 5 min?) Calculate t when [A] = 0.0100. (Estimate the time required for 90% of A to decompose.)

Work out all the answers

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A 2nd Order Example

Dimerization of butadiene is second order: 2 C4H6(g) = C8H12(g). The rate constant k at some temperature is 0.100 /min. The initial concentration of butadiene [B] is 2.0 M. Calculate the time required for [B] = 1.0 and 0.5 M Calculate concentration of butadiene when t = 1, 5, 10, and 30.

If the rate-law is known, what are the key parameters? Apply the right model and work out all the parameters.
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Solution next
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A 2nd Order Example

Dimerization of butadiene is second order: 2 C4H6(g) = C8H12(g). The rate constant k at some temperature is 0.100 /min. The initial concentration of butadiene [B] is 2.0 M. Calculate the time t required for [B] = 1.0 and 0.5 M Calculate concentration of butadiene when t = 1, 5, 10, and 30.

1 1 [B] [B]o

=kt

1 1 [B] [B]o t = k [B]o [B] = [B]o k t + 1

t=

10

15

30 0.29

35 0.25

[B] = 1.67 1.0 0.67 0.50 Work out the formulas and then evaluate values

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Half life of 2nd Order Chemical Kinetics

.5 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1/[B]

t=

10

15

30 0.29

35 0.25
22

[B] = 1.67 1.0 0.67 0.50

15 reactions? How does half life vary in 2nd orderChemical Kinetics

Plot of [B] vs. t & 1/[B] vs. t for 2nd Order Reactions
t= 1 5 10 15 30 0.29 35 0.25 [B] = 1.67 1.0 0.67 0.50 [B] [B]o [B] = [B]o k t + 1 1 [B]

1 [B]

1 = k t [B]o

t What kind of plot is linear for

15 Chemical Kinetics 1st and 2nd reactions?

t
23

Chemical Reaction and Molecular Collision

Molecular collisions lead to chemical reactions. Thus, the reaction constant, k is determined by several factors. k=Zfp Z: collision frequency constant p, the fraction with proper orientation f, fraction of collision having sufficient energy for reaction f is related to the potential energy barrier called activation energy, Ea. f g e Ea / RT or exp ( Ea / R T) Thus,

Potential energy Ea

reaction

k = A e Ea / RT
constant

How does temperature affect reaction rates?

24 15 Chemical Kinetics Explain energy aspect in a chemical reaction

Energy in chemical reactions

Potential energy RA-PD
activated complex

R+Ap (H exothermic

Ea Ea for reverse reaction

p P+D Endothermic rxn Progress of reaction

15 Chemical Kinetics Explain the various terms and energy changes in a chemical reaction

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The Arrhenius Equation

The temperature dependence of the rate constant k is best described by the Arrhenius equation: or k = A e Ea / R T ln k = ln A Ea / R T k1 Ea 1 1 ln = k2 R T1 T2
1903 Nobel Prize citation in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation

If k1 and k2 are the rate constants at T1 and T2 respectively, then

How does temperature affect reaction rates? Derive and apply these relationship to solve problems, 15 and recall the Clausius-Clapeyron Chemical Kinetics equation.
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Application of Arrhenius Equation

From k = A e Ea / R T, calculate A, Ea, k at a specific temperature and T. The reaction: 2 NO2(g) -----> 2NO(g) + O2(g) The rate constant k = 1.0e-10 s-1 at 300 K and the activation energy Ea = 111 kJ mol-1. What are A, k at 273 K and T when k = 1e-11? Method: derive various versions of the same formula k = A e Ea / R T A=ke A/k= e
Ea / R T

Ea / R T

Make sure you know how to transform the formula into these forms.
27

ln (A / k) = Ea / R T
15 Chemical Kinetics

Application of Arrhenius Equation (continue)

The reaction: 2 NO2(g) -----> 2NO(g) + O2(g) The rate constant k = 1.0e-10 s-1 at 300 K and the activation energy Ea = 111 kJ mol-1. What are A, k at 273 K and T when k = 1e-11?

Use the formula derived earlier: A = k eEa / R T = 1e-10 s-1 exp (111000 J mol-1 / (8.314 J mol-1 K 1*300 K)) = 2.13e9 s-1 k = 2.13e9 s-1 exp ( 111000 J mol-1) / (8.314 J mol-1 K 1*273 K) = 1.23e-12 s-1 T = Ea / [R* ln (A/k)] = 111000 J mol-1 / (8.314*46.8) J mol-1 K-1 = 285 K
15 Chemical Kinetics 28

The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates

Reaction rate = k [A}x[B]y[C]z k = A exp ( Ea / RT) (Concentration effect at constant T) (Temperature effect)

Use graphic method to discuss the variation of k vs. T variation of k vs 1 / T variation of ln(k) vs T variation of ln(k) vs 1 / T

See a potential multiple choice question in an exam?

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Elementary Reactions and Mechanism

Elementary reactions are steps of molecular events showing how reactions proceed. This type of description is a mechanism. The mechanism for the reaction between CO and NO2 is proposed to be Step 1 NO2 + NO2 p NO3 + NO Step 2 NO3 + CO p NO2 + CO2 (an elementary reaction) (an elementary reaction)

Add these two equations led to the overall reaction NO2 + CO = NO + CO2 (overall reaction) A mechanism is a proposal to explain the rate law, and it has to satisfy the rate law. A satisfactory explanation is not a proof. Explain terms in red

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Molecularity of Elementary Reactions

The total order of rate law in an elementary reaction is molecularity. The rate law of elementary reaction is derived from the equation. The order is the number of reacting molecules because they must collide to react. A molecule decomposes by itself is a unimolecular reaction (step); two molecules collide and react is a bimolecular reaction (step); & three molecules collide and react is a termolecular reaction (step). O3 p O2 + O NO2 + NO2 p NO3 + NO Br + Br + Ar p Br2 + Ar* rate = k [O3] rate = k [NO2]2 rate = k [Br]2[Ar]

Caution: Derive rate laws this way only for elementary reactions.
15 Chemical Kinetics 31

Molecularity of elementary reactions - Example

Some elementary reactions for the reaction between CH4 and Cl2 are Cl2 p 2 Cl 2 Cl p Cl2 2Cl + CH4 p Cl2 + CH4* Cl + CH4 p HCl + CH3 CH3 + Cl p CH3Cl CH3 + CH3 p CH3-CH3 CH3Cl + Cl p HCl + CH2Cl CH2Cl + Cl p CH2Cl2 * * * (more)
15 Chemical Kinetics 32

Write down the rate laws and describe them as uni- bi- or ter-molecular steps yourself, please.

Elementary Reactions are Molecular Events

N2O5 ' NO2 + NO3 '

NO + O2 + NO2 n NO2 + NO3

Explain differences between elementary and over reaction equations

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Rate Laws and Mechanisms

A mechanism is a collection of elementary steps devise to explain the the reaction in view of the observed rate law. You need the skill to derive a rate law from a mechanism, but proposing a mechanism is task after you have learned more chemistry For the reaction, 2 NO2 (g) + F2 (g) p 2 NO2F (g), the rate law is, rate = k [NO2] [F2] . Can the elementary reaction be the same as the overall reaction? If they were the same the rate law would have been rate = k [NO2]2 [F2], Therefore, they the overall reaction is not an elementary reaction. Its mechanism is proposed next.
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Rate-determining Step in a Mechanism

The rate determining step is the slowest elementary step in a mechanism, and the rate law for this step is the rate law for the overall reaction. The (determined) rate law is, rate = k [NO2] [F2], for the reaction, 2 NO2 (g) + F2 (g) p 2 NO2F (g), and a two-step mechanism is proposed: i NO2 (g) + F2 (g) p NO2F (g) + F (g) ii NO2 (g) + F (g) p NO2F (g) Which is the rate determining step? Answer: The rate for step i is rate = k [NO2] [F2], which is the rate law, this suggests that step i is the rate-determining or the s-l-o-w step. Explain rate determining step in a mechanism and use it to derive the rate law. 15 Chemical Kinetics

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Deriving a Rate Law From a Mechanism - 0

The decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of I follow this mechanism, i ii H2O2 + I k1p H2O + IO H2O2 + IO k2p H2O + O2 + I Energy Eai Eaii slow fast

What is the rate law?

reaction Solve the problem

15 Chemical Kinetics 36

Deriving a rate law from a mechanism - 1

The decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of I follow this mechanism, i ii H2O2 + I k1p H2O + IO slow H2O2 + IO k2p H2O + O2 + I fast

What is the rate law?

Solution The slow step determines the rate, and the rate law is: rate = k1 [H2O2] [I ]
Since both [H2O2] and [I ] are measurable in the system, this is the rate law.
15 Chemical Kinetics 37

Deriving a rate law from a mechanism - 2

Derive the rate law for the reaction, from the proposed mechanism: i Br2 ' 2 Br ii H2 + Br k2p HBr + H iii H + Br k3p HBr H2 + Br2 = 2 HBr, fast equilibrium (k1, k-1) slow explain fast

Solution: The fast equilibrium condition simply says that k1 [Br2] = k-1 [Br]2 and [Br] = (k1/k-1 [Br2]) The slow step determines the rate law, rate = k2 [H2] [Br] Br is an intermediate = k2 [H2] (k1/k-1 [Br2]) = k [H2] [Br2] ; k = k2 (k1/k-1) M- s -1 total order 1.5
15 Chemical Kinetics 38

Deriving a rate law from a mechanism - 3

The decomposition of N2O5 follows the mechanism: fast equilibrium 1 N2O5 ' NO2 + NO3 2 NO2 + NO3 k2p NO + O2 + NO2 slow 3 NO3 + NO k3p NO2 + NO2 fast Derive the rate law. Solution: The slow step determines the rate, rate = k2 [NO2] [NO3] From 1, we have [NO2] [NO3] = K [N2O5] Thus, rate = K k2 [N2O5]
15 Chemical Kinetics

NO2 & NO3 are intermediate

K, equilibrium constant K differ from k

39

Deriving rate laws from mechanisms The steady-state approximation is a general method for deriving rate laws when the relative speed cannot be identified. It is based on the assumption that the concentration of the intermediate is constant.

steady-state approximation
[Intermediate] Rate of producing the intermediate, Rprod, is the same as its rate of consumption, Rcons.

Rprod > Rcons

Rprod = Rcons

Rprod < Rcons

Be able to apply the steadystate approximation to derive rate laws

time
15 Chemical Kinetics 40

Lets assume the mechanism for the reaction. Steady-state H2 + I2 p 2 HI approximation as follows. Step (1) I2 k1p 2 I Step (1) 2 I k-1p I2 Step (2) H2 + 2 I k2p 2 HI Derive the rate law. Derivation: rate = k2 [H2] [I] 2 (cause this step gives products) but I is an intermediate, this is not a rate law yet. Since k1 [I2] (= rate of producing I) Steady state 2 + k [H ] [I]2 = k-1 [I] (= rate of consuming I) 2 2 Thus, k1 [I2] [I]2 = k-1 + k2 [H2] rate = k1 k2 [H2] [I2] / {k-1 + k2 [H2] }
15 Chemical Kinetics 41

Steady-state approximation - 3
From the previous result: k1 k2 [H2] [I2] rate = {k-1 + k2 [H2] } Discussion: (i) If k-1 << k2 [H2] then {k-1 + k2 [H2]} = k2 [H2] , then rate = k1 k2 [H2] [I2] / {k2 [H2] } = k1 [I2] (pseudo 1st order wrt I2) using large concentration of H2 or step 2 is fast (will meet this condition). (ii) If step (2) is slow, then k2 << k1, and if [H2] is not large, we have {k-1 + k2 [H2]} = k-1 and rate = k1 k2 [H2] [I2] / k1 = k2 [H2] [I2]
15 Chemical Kinetics 42

Steady-state approximation - 4
In an alkaline solution, peroxydisulfate oxidizes sulfite to yield sulfate, S2O82- + SO32- + 2 OH- p 3 SO42- + H2O. The following mechanism has been proposed: i S2O82- + SO32- k1p S2O72- + SO42ii S2O72- + H2O k2p 2 SO42- + 2 H+ iii H+ + OH- k3p H2O (fast equilibrium to be discussed) Steady-state approximation follows these steps: What is or are the intermediates I? Use which step to give the rate law that may involve [I]? Express the rates of producing and consuming intermediate(s) Express [I] of intermediate(s) in terms of [Reactants] Derive the rate law in terms of [Reactants] Discuss See page 607Kinetics Text 15 Chemical PHH
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Catalysis
Energy A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a reaction by lowing the activation energy, Ea. It participates a reaction in forming an intermediate, but is regenerated. Enzymes are marvelously selective catalysts. A catalyzed reaction, NO (catalyst) 2 SO2 (g) + O2 p 2 SO3 (g) via the mechanism i 2 NO + O2 p 2 NO2 (3rd order) ii NO2 + SO2 p SO3 + NO
15 Chemical Kinetics

Uncatalyzed rxn

Catalyzed rxn

rxn

44

Catalyzed decomposition of ozone

R.J. Plunkett in DuPont discovered carbon fluorine chlorine compounds. The CFC decomposes in the atmosphere: CFCl3 p CFCl2 + Cl CF2Cl3 p CF2Cl + Cl. The Cl catalyzes the reaction via the mechanism: i O3 + h v p O + O 2 , ii ClO + O p Cl + O2 iii O + O 3 p O2 + O 2 . The net result or reaction is 2 O3 p 3 O2 Scientists sound the alarm, and the CFC is banned now.
15 Chemical Kinetics 45

Homogenous vs. heterogeneous catalysts

A catalyst in the same phase (gases and solutions) as the reactants is a homogeneous catalyst. It effective, but recovery is difficult. When the catalyst is in a different phase than reactants (and products), the process involve heterogeneous catalysis. Chemisorption, absorption, and adsorption cause reactions to take place via different pathways. Platinum is often used to catalyze hydrogenation Catalytic converters reduce CO and NO emission.

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Heterogeneous catalysts
Ceryx's vision is to design, produce, and commercialize advanced systems that balance Cost, Performance, Emissions Reduction, and Fuel Penalty to make the economics of pollution control viable. We explore new ways to look at the air quality challenges faced by industry and search for potential solutions by combining proven technologies with state-of-the-art science. Catalyzed reactions: CO + O2 pCO2 2 NO p N2 + O2
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15 Chemical Kinetics

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Enzymes selective catalysts

Enzymes are a long protein molecules that fold into balls. They often have a metal coordinated to the O and N sites. Molecules catalyzed by enzymes are called substrates. They are held by various sites (together called the active site) of the enzyme molecules and just before and during the reaction. After having reacted, the products P1 & P2 are released. Enzyme + Substrate pES (activated complex) ES p P1 + P2 + E Enzymes are biological catalysts for biological systems.

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15 Chemical Kinetics

X-ray 3-D structure of fumarate reductase. It reduces fumerate, an important role in the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria, 50 from Max Planck Inst.

Chemical Kinetics - Summary

Explain how the various factors affect reaction rates. Define reaction rates, average rates, initial rates and rate constants. Evaluate rate law from experiments Properly apply 1st and 2nd differential rate laws and integrated rate laws. Interpret elementary reactions and mechanisms. Derive rate laws from a given mechanism. Apply the steady-state method to derive the rate law of a given mechanism, and discuss the results. Explain the action of catalysts in terms of chemistry and in terms of energy of activation.

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