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Language of Relations and Functions

The document defines relations and functions in mathematics. A relation between two sets A and B is a subset of the Cartesian product of A and B that links elements from each set. A function is a special type of relation where each element of set A is mapped to exactly one element of set B. The document provides examples of relations that are and are not functions, and how to evaluate functions by substituting inputs.

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Niñarita Fe Buot
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145 views

Language of Relations and Functions

The document defines relations and functions in mathematics. A relation between two sets A and B is a subset of the Cartesian product of A and B that links elements from each set. A function is a special type of relation where each element of set A is mapped to exactly one element of set B. The document provides examples of relations that are and are not functions, and how to evaluate functions by substituting inputs.

Uploaded by

Niñarita Fe Buot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE LANGUAGE OF

RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
Week 5
Generally speaking, the word relation refers to the
connection between two things, living or non-living. It could
mean the relation between husband and wife, brother and
sister, teacher and student or between people who share
common beliefs or cultural affiliation, etc.
Similarly, the objects in mathematics may be related in
various ways. We can define, for example, the relation
between the elements of the two sets.
 
Given any two non-empty sets A and B, a relation R from
A to B is a subset of the Cartesian product A x B and is
derived by describing a relationship between the first
element (x) and the other element (y) of the ordered pairs in
A and B.
Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a
subset of A • B. Given an ordered pair (x, y) in A • B, x
is related to y by R, written x R y, if and only if, (x, y)
is in R.
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a
relation R from a set A to B is called the domain, the
range is the set of all second elements in a relation R
from a set A to B, and the whole set B is called the co-
domain.
Example:
1. Given A = { 1, 3, 5 } and B = { 2, 4, 6 }. Define a
relation R from A to B by, y = x + 1

Solution:
a) Find the Cartesian product, A • B:
The Cartesian product A • B has 9 elements of
ordered pairs,
A • B = { (1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6),
(5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6) }
b) Find the ordered pairs that are in R defined by y = x + 1
R = { (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6) }
* The relation R from A to B has only 3 elements that
satisfies the condition, y = x + 1.

For instance,
when x = 1, y = 1 + 1 = 2, hence, the ordered pair (1, 2).
When x = 3, y = 3 + 1 = 4, hence, (3, 4). Finally, when x = 5,
y = 5 + 1 = 6, thus, the ordered pair (5, 6). The other 6
ordered pairs in A x B do not satisfy the condition.
(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6)
Condition: y = x + 1
*We will use all of the ordered given from Solution A, considdering that we should satisfy the given
condtion.

(1, 2) (1, 4) (1, 6) (3, 2) (3, 4) (3, 6) (5, 2) (5, 4)


y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1 y=x+1
2=1+1 4=1+1 6=1+1 2=3+1 4=3+1 6=3+1 2=5+1 4=5+1
2=2 4 ≠2 6 ≠2 2≠4 4=4 6≠ 4 2≠6 4≠6

(5, 6) Showing what are the ordered


pairs that satisfy the given
y=x+1
condition. That's why on Solution
6=5+1
B we only have R = { (1, 2), (3,
6=6 4), (5, 6) }
c. Determine whether the following relations are true or
false: 1 R 2, 3 R 2, 3 R 4, 5 R 2
1 R 2 is true because (1, 2) ∈ R
3 R 2 is false because (3, 2) ∉R
3 R 4 is true because (3, 4) ∈ R
5 R 2 is false because (5, 2) ∉R

d.What are the domain, range and co-domain?


Domain: {1, 3, 5}
Range: {2, 4, 6}
Co-domain: {2, 4, 6}
Note: Not in all cases that the range and co-domain
will have the same elements.
Practice!!!
Let A = { 1, 2 } and B = { 1, 2, 3 } and define a relation R from A to B as
follows:
Given any (x, y) ∈ A • B, (x, y) ∈ R means that is an integer.

a.Identify the ordered pairs that are in A • B


b.List down the elements of the relation R from A to B.
c.Is 1 R 1? Is 2 R 2? Is 2 R 3?
d.What are the domain, range and co-domain?
Answer
Function
A function is a special relation that maps each element
x of a set A with one and only one element of y of another
set B.
A function is a rule that each input number is assigned
to exactly one output number.
A relation F from A to B is a function if the following
conditions are satisfied:
1. Every element of A is the first element of an
ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same
first element.
Example
1. The relation A = { (1, 9), (2, 2), (3, 5) } is also
a function since no distinct ordered pairs have
the same coordinate.

2. The relation B = { (1, 6), (4, 5), (4, 7) } is not


a function since (4, 5) and (4, 7) have the
same first coordinate.
A function f: A → B is a function such that for x∈A
there is a unique element y∈B such that (x, y)∈ f.

For any function f, the notation f(x) is read as “f of


x” or “function of x” and represents the value of y when
x is replaced by the number or expression inside the
parenthesis.

To find the value of the function means to evaluate a


function. To evaluate a function, we substitute the
given number or expression (input) for the function’s
variable (such as x). Replace the x with the number or
expression.
Example:
1. Given the function f(x) = 2x – 5, find f(4).

Solution:
Substitute 4 into the function in place of x.
f(4) = 2(4) – 5
f(4) = 3
This can be thought of as the ordered pair (4, 3).
Example:
2. Find the value of g(x) = x2 – 2x + 3, when x = -2
Solution:
g(-2) = (-2)2 – 2(-2) + 3
= 4+4+3
= 11
Example:
3.Given f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 4, find f(-3)
 
Solution:
f(-3) = 2(-3)2 + 3(-3) – 4
= 2(9) – 9 – 4
= 18 – 9 – 4
= 5
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

1. Relation and function


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9aX16KjtxU

2. Evaluating Function
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GY6Q2f2kvY0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e0EdFGpcvc

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