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    Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity

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    Alfred Solajes
    Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. It generally increases with each electron removed and increases across periods as the effective nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases. Ionization energy shows periodic trends, increasing with atomic number within periods and decreasing down groups. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom and shows which atoms can most strongly attract electrons. Halogens have the most negative electron affinities due to their electron configuration.

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    Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity

    Uploaded by

    Alfred Solajes
    60 views20 pages
    Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. It generally increases with each electron removed and increases across periods as the effective nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases. Ionization energy shows periodic trends, increasing with atomic number within periods and decreasing down groups. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom and shows which atoms can most strongly attract electrons. Halogens have the most negative electron affinities due to their electron configuration.

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    Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. It generally increases with each electron removed and increases across periods as the effective nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases. Ionization energy shows periodic trends, increasing with atomic number within periods and decreasing down groups. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom and shows which atoms can most strongly attract electrons. Halogens have the most negative electron affinities due to their electron configuration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    60 views20 pages

    Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity

    Uploaded by

    Alfred Solajes
    Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. It generally increases with each electron removed and increases across periods as the effective nuclear charge increases and atomic radius decreases. Ionization energy shows periodic trends, increasing with atomic number within periods and decreasing down groups. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added to an atom and shows which atoms can most strongly attract electrons. Halogens have the most negative electron affinities due to their electron configuration.

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    of 20

    Ionization Energy and

    Electron Affinity
    Section 7.4-7.5
    Objectives

    • Examine periodic trends in ionization


    energy
    • Examine periodic trends in electron
    affinity
    Key Terms
    • Ionization energy
    • Electron Affinity
    Ionization Energy
    • Ease at which electrons can be removed
    from an atom or ion
    • First ionization energy, I1, is the energy
    required to remove the first electron from
    neutral atom
    • Second ionization energy, I2, is the energy
    required to remove the second electron from
    a +1 ion
    • Greater the I, the more difficult to remove
    the electron
    Trends of Ionization Energy
    • I1< I2 < I3 < I4
    • With each removal, the ion becomes
    more positive
    • Strengthens nucleus’s hold on its electrons
    • Sharp increase in I when inner-shell
    electrons are removed
    • Table 7.2 on page 271
    Periodic Trends in I1
    • Within rows, I1 increases with atomic
    number
    • Slight irregularities
    • Within columns, I1 decreases with
    increasing atomic number
    • Representative elements show larger
    range of I1 values than transition metals
    • Transitions slowly increase across rows
    Factors Affecting Trends
    • More energy is needed to remove an
    electron as:
    • Effective Nuclear Charge increases
    • Atomic Radius decreases
    Irregularities
    • I does not always increases across rows
    • Decrease from Be to B
    Be: [He] 2s2
    B: [He]2s2 2p1
    • The most easily removed electron in B is that in
    the 2p orbital, higher in energy than the 2s
    electrons in Be
    • 2p electron of B needs less energy for total
    removal than does the 2s electron of Be
    Irregularities
    • O is lower than N
    • N: [He]2s2 2p3
    • O: [He]2s2 2p4
    • Important difference in the way electrons are
    distributed
    • Hund’s rule: 3 e- in the 2p orbitals of a nitrogen atom
    all have the same spin, but e- are paired in one of the
    2p orbitals of oxygen
    • Electrons try to stay as far apart as possible to minimize
    repulsion
    • Force of repulsion between these electrons is minimized
    to some extent by pairing electrons
    • Slightly easier to remove an electron
    Electron Affinities
    • Energy change that occurs when electron
    are added to a gaseous atom
    • Measure of the attraction of an atom to an
    electron
    • Negative values (energy is released during
    process)
    • kJ/mol
    • More negative affinity = greater attraction
    Trends in Affinities
    • Not as evident as that of ionization
    energy
    • Halogens have the greatest affinities (1 e-
    shy of a filled p subshell)
    • Noble gases have affinities of 0
    • Group 2A and 5A have very little affinity
    Electron Affinities (kJ/mol)
    Putting it all together
    Homework
    • 7.35, 7.42, 7.44, and 7.46 on page 294

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