Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT)

ETU 08102

Digital Networks

Ally, J

[email protected]

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IP Network

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 InterNetwork
 Millions of end points (you, me, and toasters)
connected across a mesh of links
 Many end points can be addressed by numbers
 Many others lie behind a virtual end point

 Many networks form a bigger network

 The overall structure called the Internet

 With a capital I
 Defined as a network of networks
 Organizing the Giant Structure
Networks are complex!
 many “pieces”:

 hosts
Question:
 routers

 links of various media

Is there any hope of
organizing structure
 applications
of network?
 protocols

 hardware

 software
Turn to analogies in air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

 A series of steps
 Internet Protocol Stack
 Application: supporting network applications
 FTP, SMTP, HTTP
application
 Transport: host-host data transfer
 TCP, UDP transport
 Network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
 IP, routing protocols
link
 Link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements
physical
 PPP, Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth

 Physical: bits “on the wire”

 Legacy Network Architecture
Computer Comm. Human Comm.
Voice
Data Video
(TCP / UDP)

IP v4 / v6 SS-7 Dedicated

Network Layer
ＯＩＦ ATM SONET / SDH

Photonic Network Interface

Data Link Layer

Photonic Network (WDM)

Physical Layer
DIT OIF: Optical Internetworking Forum
 Network Architecture from Today
Network Application

Voice
Voice
Data Video
(TCP / UDP) Dedicated
VOIP L3-VPN
L2-VPN
Network Layer IP v4 / v6

Ｅｔｈｅｒｎｅｔ　（ as a standard interface ）

ATM SONET / SDH
ＯＩＦ
Data Link Layer Photonic Network Interface

Physical Layer Photonic Network (WDM)

DIT VPN: Virtual Private Network

 Structure of IP Network
1) Ethernet Switches conform Ethernet switching segments
- “Mac-address” are in use only in each segment
2) Routers & IP-functions in each end station realize routing plane
- “IP-address” are in use over inter-segment routing
3) TCP in end station control the quality and flow of the session
4) Applications in end stations communicate each other over TCP
Application session Apl.
Apl.
Socket TCP session Socket
TCP
TCP IP IP IP
IP IP
Router Router
Ethernet SW
End station
End station
Ethernet SW
Segment;
Apl. Ethernet Switching
Ethernet SW
Socket Apl.
Segment; Socket
TCP Ethernet Switching
TCP
IP
IP
End station End station
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 Evolution of IP Network
 Improving the capacity of network
 Transmission Speed: Ethernet
 Switching capacity: Ethernet Switch
 Routing capacity: Routing Engine
 Re-constructing the network
 Management System based on IP-plane
 MPLS & G-MPLS

 Services on IP Network
 VPN

 IP Telephony

 NGN (Next Generation Network)

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 Network and Host Addressing
Using the IP address of the
destination network, a router
can deliver a packet to the
correct network.

When the packet arrives at a

router connected to the
destination network, the router
uses the IP address to locate
the particular computer
connected to that network.
Accordingly, every IP address
has two parts.

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 Network Layer Communication Path
A router forwards packets from the originating
network to the destination network using the IP
protocol. The packets must include an identifier for
both the source and destination networks.

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 Internet Addresses
IP Addressing is a hierarchical structure. An IP address
combines two identifiers into one number. This number must be
a unique number, because duplicate addresses would make
routing impossible. The first part identifies the system's network
address. The second part, called the host part, identifies which
particular machine it is on the network.

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 IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large,
medium, and small networks.
Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks.
Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks.
Class C for small networks.

Address Number of Number of Hosts

Class Networks per Network
A 126 16,777,214
B 16,384 65,534
C 2,097,152 254

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Identifying Address Classes

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 Network and Host Division
Each complete 32-bit IP address is broken down into a
network part and a host part. A bit or bit sequence at the
start of each address determines the class of the address.
There are 5 IP address classes.

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 Class A Addresses
The Class A address was designed to support extremely
large networks, with more than 16 million host addresses
available. Class A IP addresses use only the first octet to
indicate the network address. The remaining three octets
provide for host addresses.

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 Class B Addresses
The Class B address was designed to support the needs
of moderate to large-sized networks. A Class B IP
address uses the first two of the four octets to indicate the
network address. The other two octets specify host
addresses.

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 Class C Addresses
The Class C address space is the most commonly
used of the original address classes. This address
space was intended to support small networks with a
maximum of 254 hosts.

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 Class D Addresses
The Class D address class was created to enable
multicasting in an IP address. A multicast address is a
unique network address that directs packets with that
destination address to predefined groups of IP addresses.
Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit a
single stream of data to multiple recipients.

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 Class E Addresses
A Class E address has been defined. However, the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) reserves
these addresses for its own research. Therefore, no
Class E addresses have been released for use in the
Internet.

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 Converting Between Decimal Numbers
and Binary
 In any given octet of an IP address, the 8 bits can be defined as
follows:
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

 To convert a decimal number into binary

187 = 10111011 = 128+32+16+8+2+1, 224 = 11100000 = 128+64+32
 To convert a binary number into decimal

10101010 = 128+32+8+2 = 170, 11110000 = 128+64+32+16 = 240

 The IP address 138.101.114.250 is represented in binary as

10001010.01100101.01110010.11111010
 The subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 is represented in binary as

11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

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 IP Address Ranges
The graphic below shows the IP address range of the
first octet both in decimal and binary for each IP
address class.

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 Finding the Network Address with ANDing
By ANDing the Host address of 192.168.10.2 with 255.255.255.0
(its network mask) we obtain the network address of 192.168.10.0

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Network Address

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 Public IP Addresses
Unique addresses are required for each device on a network. 

Originally, an organization known as the Internet Network

Information Center (InterNIC) handled this procedure.

InterNIC no longer exists and has been succeeded by the

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

No two machines that connect to a public network can have the

same IP address because public IP addresses are global and
standardized.

All machines connected to the Internet agree to conform to the

system.

Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet service

provider (ISP) or a registry at some expense.
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 Private IP Addresses
Private IP addresses are another solution to the problem of
the impending exhaustion of public IP addresses. As
mentioned, public networks require hosts to have unique IP
addresses.

However, private networks that are not connected to the

Internet may use any host addresses, as long as each host
within the private network is unique.

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 Introduction to Subnetting
Subnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to
divide the network and break a large network up into
smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or
subnets.

With subnetting, the network is not limited to the default,

Class A, B, or C network masks and there is more
flexibility in the network design.

Subnet addresses include the network portion, plus a

subnet field and a host field. The ability to decide how to
divide the original host portion into the new subnet and
host fields provides addressing flexibility for the network
administrator.
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The 32-Bit Binary IP Address

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Numbers That Show Up In Subnet Masks
(Memorize Them!)

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Addressing with Subnetworks

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 Subnet Example 1
The DIT has purchased the class C address 216.21.5.0 and want to use it
for five (5) networks.
Determine the number of networks and convert to binary

5 in binary is 00000101
We need to borrow 3 bits from host and use them as network bits
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class C

255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 3 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.224 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
The increment is 100000 = 32
Use increment to find your network ranges

216.21.5.0 – 216.21.5.31, 216.21.5.32 – 216.21.5.63

216.21.2.64 – 216.21.5.95 ….. 216.21.5.192 – 216.21.5.223

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 Subnet Example 2
The DIT has purchased the class C address 195.5.20.0 and want to
use it for fifty (50) networks.
Determine the number of networks and convert to binary

50 in binary is 00110010
We need to borrow 6 bits from host and use them as network bits
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class C

255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 6 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.252 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
The increment is 100 = 4
Use increment to find your network ranges

195.5.20.0 – 195.5.20.3, 195.5.20.4 – 195.5.20.7

195.5.20.8 – 195.5.20.11 …. 195.5.20.248 – 195.5.20.251

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 Subnet Example 3
The DIT has purchased the class B address 150.5.0.0 and want to use
it for 100 networks.
Determine the number of networks and convert to binary

100 in binary is 01100100

We need to borrow 7 bits from host and use them as network bits
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class B

255.255.0.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class B (Add 7 bits in host octet)
255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
The increment is 10 = 2
Use increment to find your network ranges

150.5.0.0 – 150.5.1.255, 150.5.2.0 – 150.5.3.255

150.5.4.0 – 150.5.5.255, …. 150.5.252.0 – 150.5.253.255

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 Subnet Example 4
The DIT has purchased the class A address 10.0.0.0 and want to use it for
500 networks.
Determine the number of networks and convert to binary

500 in binary is 0111110100

We need to borrow 9 bits from host and use them as network bits
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class A

255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class A (Add 9 bits in host octet)
255.255.128.0 = 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
The increment is 10000000 = 128
Use increment to find your network ranges

10.0.0.0 – 10.0.127.255, 10.0.128.0 – 10.0.255.255

10.1.0.0 – 10.1.127.255, 10.1.128.0 – 10.1.255.255 ……..
10.254.128.0 – 10.254.255.255

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 Exercise 1
1. (C) 200.1.1.0, Break into 40 networks

2. (C) 199.9.10.0, Break into 14 networks

3. (B) 170.50.0.0, Break into 1000 networks

4. (A) 12.0.0.0, Break into 25 networks

Also determine the total number of hosts per

networks

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 Host Example 1
DIT has purchased class C address 216.21.5.0 and would like to use it
to create networks of 30 hosts each
Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary

30 in binary is 00011110
We need to save 5 bits for host, use 3 bits remain for network
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class C

255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 3 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.224 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
The increment is 100000 = 32
Use increment to find your network ranges

216.21.5.0 – 216.21.5.31, 216.21.5.32 – 216.21.5.63

216.21.2.64 – 216.21.5.95 ….. 216.21.5.224 – 216.21.5.255

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 Host Example 2
The DIT has purchased the class C address 195.5.20.0 and want to
use it for 50 hosts each.
Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary

50 in binary is 00110010
We need to save 6 bits from host, use 2 bits remain for network
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class C

255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask for class C (Add 2 bits in host octet)
255.255.255.192 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
The increment is 1000000 = 64
Use increment to find your network ranges

195.5.20.0 – 195.5.20.63, 195.5.20.64 – 195.5.20.127

195.5.20.128 – 195.5.20.191, 195.5.20.192 – 195.5.20.255

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 Host Example 3
The DIT has purchased the class B address 150.5.0.0 and want to use
it for 500 hosts each.
Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary

500 in binary is 0111110100

We need to save 9 bits from host, use 7 bits remain for network
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class B

255.255.0.0 = 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class B (Add 7 bits in host octet)
255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
The increment is 10 = 2
Use increment to find your network ranges

150.5.0.0 – 150.5.1.255, 150.5.2.0 – 150.5.3.255

150.5.4.0 – 150.5.5.255, …. 150.5.252.0 – 150.5.253.255

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 Host Example 4
The DIT has purchased the class A address 10.0.0.0 and want to use it for
100 networks.
Determine the number of hosts and convert to binary

100 in binary is 01100100

We need to save 7 bits from host, use 17 bits remain for network
Reserve bits in subnet mask and find your increment

Subnet mask for class A

255.0.0.0 = 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
The new subnet mask for class A (Add 17 bits in host octet)
255.255.225.128 = 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
The increment is 10000000 = 128
Use increment to find your network ranges

10.0.0.0 – 10.0.127.255, 10.0.128.0 – 10.0.255.255

10.1.0.0 – 10.1.127.255, 10.1.128.0 – 10.1.255.255 ……..
10.254.128.0 – 10.254.255.255

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 Exercise 2
1. (C) 200.1.1.0, Break into networks of 40 hosts
each
2. (C) 199.9.10.0, Break into networks of 12
hosts each
3. (B) 170.50.0.0, Break into networks of 1000
hosts each
4. (A) 12.0.0.0, Break into networks of 100 hosts
each
Also determine the total number of networks

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 Exercise 3
1) The host has an IP and mask address of
192.168.1.127 and 255.255.255.224
respectively. What is the network address of
the host, and state that if the IP address of the
host is assigned correct.
2) The host has an IP, mask and gateway
address of 172.16.68.65, 255.255.255.240
and 172.16.68.62 respectively, is connected to
the network router of IP and mask address of
172.16.68.62 and 255.255.255.240 respectively.
Determine that if the above configuration is correct.
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 Thanks!

Technology changes but communication lasts.

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