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Illustrating Polynomial Functions

1. A polynomial function is an expression with real number coefficients and non-negative integer exponents. 2. Finding the x- and y-intercepts of a polynomial function involves factoring the expression and setting each factor equal to zero to solve for x-intercepts or substituting zero for x to find the y-intercept. 3. In addition to intercepts, the behavior, multiplicity of roots, and number of turning points must be considered to fully graph a polynomial function.

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Laurice Benal
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222 views33 pages

Illustrating Polynomial Functions

1. A polynomial function is an expression with real number coefficients and non-negative integer exponents. 2. Finding the x- and y-intercepts of a polynomial function involves factoring the expression and setting each factor equal to zero to solve for x-intercepts or substituting zero for x to find the y-intercept. 3. In addition to intercepts, the behavior, multiplicity of roots, and number of turning points must be considered to fully graph a polynomial function.

Uploaded by

Laurice Benal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Illustrating

Polynomial
Functions
FACT or BLUFF
Write FACT if the expression being
shown is a polynomial, otherwise write
BLUFF.
Using the polynomial function

1.How many terms are there?


2.What is the degree of the
polynomial?
3.What is the leading coefficient?
4.How about the constant term?
Illustrative examples:
a. The polynomial function (𝒙)
= 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟔 has 3 terms. The
𝟑 𝟐

highest power of its terms is 3.


Therefore the degree of the
polynomial is 3. The leading
coefficient is 6 and the constant
term is 6.
b. The polynomial function 𝒚 =
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 4𝒙 + 𝟑 has 4 terms.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

The polynomial function can be


written in the standard form 𝒚 =
−4𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 .The leading
𝟒 𝟑 𝟐

term is −4𝑥4 , and the degree of


the polynomial is 4. The leading
coefficient is −4 and the
constant term is 3.
c. Polynomials may also be
written in factored form and as
a product of irreducible factors,
that is a factor can no longer be
factored using coefficients that
are real numbers. The
function 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 13𝑥 −
4 3 2

10𝑥 in factored form is 𝑦 = (𝑥 −


5)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2).
Fix and Move Them, then Fill Me Up
Direction: Consider the given polynomial functions
and fill in the table below.
Polynomial Function SF D LC CT
       
       

       
       
       
Tell whether the following is a
polynomial function or not. Give the
degree and the number of terms for
polynomial functions.
A polynomial function is a function in the form
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟏𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐𝒙𝒏−𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝒂𝟏𝒙𝟏 + 𝒂𝟎,
where 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer, n as a positive
integer implies that:
a. n is not negative
b. n is not zero
c. n is not a fraction
d. n is not a radical, and
e. n is not imaginary
are real numbers called coefficients, is the
leading term, is the leading coefficient, and is
the constant term.
Finding x and y
intercepts of
Polynomial
Functions
Pass the Message
Group students to five. The student seated in
front will solve the given problem and will pass
the answer to his members until it reach the last
person in the group. The group that gets the
most number of correct answers wins the game.

Factor the following polynomials:


1. y = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3
2. y = x2 – x – 2
3. y = x3 + x2 – 12x
4. y = –x4 + 16
Illustrative Examples:
a. Find the intercepts of
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
Solution:
To find the x-intercept/s,
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 4) Factor completely
0 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x – 3) Equate to zero
Then equate each factor to 0 and solve for x,
x + 1 = 0 ; x = -1 x + 2 = 0 ; x = -2
x–4=0 ; x=4

The x-intercepts are –1, –2, and 4. This means the


graph will pass through (–1, 0), (–2, 0), and (4, 0).  
In finding the y-intercept, Let x = 0 in the given
polynomial. That is,
y = x3 – x2 – 10x – 8
y = 03 – 02 – 10(0) – 8
y=–8 
The y-intercept is – 8. This means the graph will
b. Find the intercepts of y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
  Solution:
For the x-intercept(s), find x when y = 0.
Use the factored form. That is,
y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
y = x(x + 5)(x + 2)(x – 2) Factor completely.
0 = x(x + 5)(x + 2)(x – 2) Equate y to 0.
Again equate each factor to zero and solve for x
x = 0 x + 5 = 0 ; x = –5
x + 2 = 0 ; x = –2 x – 2 = 0 ; x = 2
Again, finding the y-intercept
simply requires us to set x = 0 in
the given polynomial. That is,  
y = x4 + 5x3 – 4x2 – 20x
y = 0 + 5(0) – 4(0) – 20(0)
4 3 2

y=0 
The y-intercept is 0. This means
the graph will also pass through
(0,0).  
1. In graphing polynomial
function, what is the
importance of the x- and
y- intercepts?
2. What are the steps in
finding the intercepts?
Determine the intercepts of the
graphs of the following polynomial
functions:
 
1. P(x) = x2 + 8x + 15
2. P(x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 8
3. P(x) = x4 – 2x2 + 1
4. P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 5)(x – 3)(x – 4)
5.P(x) = x(x – )(x + 4)(x – 1)
Solving for the x- and y- intercepts is an important
step in graphing a polynomial function. These
intercepts are used to determine the points where the
graph intersects or touches the x-axis and the y-axis.

To find the x-intercept of a polynomial function:


a. Factor the polynomial completely
b. Let y be equal to zero
c. Equate each factor to zero and solve for x
 
To find the y-intercept:
a. Let x be equal to zero and simplify
Find the x- and y-intercepts of
the following polynomial
functions:
 1. y = x + 3x – x – 3
3 2

2. y = x3 – 7x + 6
3. y = x4 – x2 + 2x3 – 2x
4. y = x – 4x + x + 6
3 2

5. y = –x(x – 2)(x – ) (x – 3)
Assignment!

1. Follow Up
–Are the Intercepts enough information
for us to graph polynomial functions?
–Are there other things we need to
consider? What are those?
2. Study:
–Behaviour of the Graph of a
Polynomial, Table of Signs, Multiplicity
Graphs of
Polynomial
Functions
Aside from the Intercepts, there
are many other things to consider
when we draw the graph of a
polynomial function. These are
some other things that we need to
take into consideration;
a. multiplicity of roots.
b. behavior of the graph
c. number of turning points
Illustrative Examples:
1. Describe the behavior of the graph of
f(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3).

a. x- and y-intercepts: x-intercepts:


−2,−1,−1,2, 3 y-intercept: 12
The graph will intersect the x-axis at
(−2,0),(−1,0),(2,0), (3,0) and the y-axis at
(0,12).
b. multiplicity
 If 𝑟 is a zero of odd multiplicity, the
graph of (𝑥) crosses the x-axis at r.
 If 𝑟 is a zero of even multiplicity, the
graph of (𝑥) is tangent to the x-axis at 𝑟.
 Since the root -1 is even multiplicity 2,
then the graph of the polynomial is
tangent to the x-axis at -1.
c. behavior of the graph:
The following characteristics of polynomial functions will give us
additional information.
The graph of a polynomial function:
i. comes down from the extreme left and goes up to the extreme
right if n is even and 𝑎𝑛 > 0
 
ii. comes up from the extreme left and goes up to the extreme
right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 > 0
 
iii. comes up from the extreme left and goes down to the extreme
right if n is even and 𝑎𝑛 < 0
 
iv. comes down from the extreme left and goes down to the
extreme right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 < 0
For additional help, we can summarize this in
the figure:

n is even n is odd
   
an>0 
 
an<0
If the polynomial function
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)2(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) is written in
the standard form then we have
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥5 − 𝑥4 − 9𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 20𝑥 + 12
We can easily see that this is a 5th degree
polynomial. Thus, 𝑛 is odd.
The leading term is 𝑥5, 𝑎𝑛 = 1 and 𝑎𝑛 > 0.
Therefore the graph of the polynomial
comes up from the extreme left and goes up
to the extreme right if n is odd and 𝑎𝑛 > 0
d. number of turning points:
Remember that the number of turning points in
the graph of a polynomial is strictly less than the
degree of the polynomial.
Also, we must note that;
i.Quartic Functions: have an odd number of turning
points; at most 3 turning points
ii.Quintic functions: have an even number of turning
points, at most 4 turning points
iii.The number of turning points is at most (𝑛 − 1)
  For our graph to pass through the intercepts (−2,0),
(2,0), (3,0) and tangent at (−1,0), there will be 4 turning
points.
For the given polynomial function y = 𝑥5 − 𝑥4 −
9𝑥3 + 𝑥2 + 20𝑥 + 12 , describe or determine the
following:
 
a. leading term
b. behavior of the graph
c. x-intercepts
d. multiplicity of roots
e. y-intercept
f. number of turning points
g. graph the function

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