INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGIES

DR SHIRAZ MALIK
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LECTURE: 1

Introduction to various branches of anatomy.

What is an anatomical position.
How to study an anatomy.
Basic Organization of human body.
Structure and function of skin.
Different types of bones and their structure.
Types of fractures.
Skulls and joints present in skulls.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

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WHAT IS AN ANATOMY

 Anatomy
It is concerned with the consideration of various structures which make up the
human body

It is concerned with the investigation of the biological structures by

• Dissection
• Micro-dissection
• Light microscopy
• Electron microscopic.

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 SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
It deals with the study of various structures systematically i.e.
System wise
Example: Respiratory system

Various Divisions of Systematic Anatomy

• Osteology: Study of bones and cartilages.

• Arthrology: Study of joints.
• Myology: Study of muscles.
• Angiology: Study of blood vessels, lymph vessels.
• Neurology: Study of nerves.
• Splanchology: Study of visceral systems.

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 REGIONAL ANATOMY

 The study of anatomy based on regions or divisions of the

body and emphasizing the relations between various
structures (muscles and nerves and arteries etc.) in that
region
 Example: Upper Limb

 Various Division of regional anatomy

1. Head and neck
2. Trunk
3. Limbs
4. Brain
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SURFACE ANATOMY

 It deals with the study and identification of

various structures in the living person by
methods of inspection and palpation.

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LIFE SPAN OF HUMAN

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PRENATAL LIFE

It span for about 280 days,9 month of pregnancy or 40 weeks.

1. Embryonic period: EMBRYO

 1st 8 weeks of development

2. FETAL PERIOD : FETUS

From 9th to 38 week or till birth

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POSTNATAL LIFE

1. Neonate: birth to 1st month of life

2. Infancy: 2nd month till 1st year of life

3. Childhood: 2nd year to age of puberty

4. Puberty: sexual maturity (male 13-16 yr, female 12-15 yr)

5. Adolescence: 1st 6 years of puberty

6. Adult: full growth and maturity.

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ANATOMICAL POSITION

• The human body is regarded as standing erect.

• Eyes looking forward to the horizon.

• Arms by the sides.

• The palms of the hands and toes directed

forwards.

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PLANES OF THE BODY

 The body can be divided into three planes:

 1- Sagittal Plane: Vertical antero-posterior plane parallel to the median plane is called the
sagittal plane. It divides the body into left and right side.

 2- Coronal Plane: Any vertical plane which lies at the right angle to sagittal plane. It divides
the body into anterior and posterior side.

 3- Transverse Plane: Horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower parts.

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BASIC ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

 Cell: Basic Unit of life. e.g. Body Cells

 Tissue: Cells performing similar functions

combine to form tissue e.g. epithelial tissue of
stomach.

 Organs: Two or more tissues combine to form

an organ e.g. stomach.

 System: Two or more organs combine to form

a system e.g. Digestive system.

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Cell Membrane

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CHAPTER 2: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE

• Skin is the largest organ of the body.

• Skin is composed of two layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis.
• Skin is composed of two types of
tissues;
1. Epithelium
2. Dense Connective tissue.

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EPIDERMIS OF SKIN

 There are five layers of epidermis

1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Bassale

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIN

Color of the Skin Appendages of skin

1. The yellow tinge to the skin itself is Certain structures differentiate from the epidermis
called the appendages of the skin.
due to the presence of carotene.
1. Hair: Elastic keratinous thread like structures
2. The reddish hue is due to the blood which develop from the epidermis.
flowing through the dermis.
2. Nails: Modified keratin plates lying on the dorsal
3. Shade of brown due to the melanin surface of the distal phalanges of the fingers and
pigment. toes.
3. Cutaneous glands:
1. Sebaceous glands: They secrete sebum which is an
oily material and act as a cold cream.
2. Sweat Galnds: Secretes sweat to maintain body
temperature.
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CHAPTER 3: BONES AND CARTILAGES

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BASIC DEFINITIONS

 Osteology: The branch of anatomy which deals with the study of bones and
cartilages.
 Skeleton: The framework of human body is composed of bony and cartilaginous
tissue called skeleton. Skeleton is of two types.
1. Exo-Skeleton: It is that part of skeleton which is present in relation with the skin, e.g.
Enamel of tooth.
2. Endo- Skeleton: It is deeply situated and forms main skeleton of human beings. It is
subdivided into into two sub-varities.
1. Visceral Endoskeleton: It is found in certain viscera e.g. hyoid bone, ear ossicles.
2. Somatic Endoskeleton: Almost all bones of the body belongs to this variety.

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 STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

1- Compact bone: 2- Spongy bone

 Well developed harversian lamellae or
cylindrical lamellae are seen. The  Here the lamellae are arranged flat.
lamellae consists of collagen fibers, No typical haversian system are seen.
lying in a calcified material, adjacent  Example: Ends of long bones.
lamellae are held together by
interchange of fibers.
 Example: Shafts of long bone

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 REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION (TOTAL 206
BONES)
Axial bones (total 80) Appendicular bones (Total 126)
 Skull
1. Cranium and facial bones = 22 1. Bones of upper limb = 60
2. Hyoid bone = 01
3. Ear Ossicles = 06 2. Bones of shoulder girdle =4
Vertebrae
3. Bones of lower limb = 60
4. Cervical = 17
5. Thoracic = 12 4. Bones of hip girdle =2
6. Lumbar =5
7. Sacral =5
8. Coccygeal =4
Ribs = 24
Sternum =1

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REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION (TOTAL 206
BONES)

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 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE AND
SHAPE
 Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends.
They are usually somewhat curved for strength. Long bones include those in the thigh (femur),
leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).
 Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width. Examples of short
bones include most wrist and ankle bones.
 Flat bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for
muscle attachment.
 Bones classified as flat bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum
(breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades).
 Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories.
Such bones includethe vertebrae and some facial bones.

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CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE AND
SHAPE
1. Long bones Example: Humerus, Ulna, Femur
2. Long-short bones Example: Mata Carpel, Phalanges
3. Short bones Example: Carpal, tarsal bones
4. Flat bones Example: Scapulae, Sternum
5. Irregular bones Example: Vertebrae, hip bone

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PARTS OF A DEVELOPING BONES
5. The periosteum (peri- around) is a tough sheath of
 A typical long bone consists of the dense irregular connective tissue and its associated
following seven parts: blood vessels that surrounds the bone surface
wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
1. The diaphysis (growing between) is the bone’s
shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion 6. The medullary cavity (medulla- marrow, pith) or
of the bone. marrow cavity is a hollow, cylindrical space within the
diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in
2. The epiphyses (growing over; singular is adults.
epiphysis) are the distal and proximal ends of the
bone. 7. The endosteum (within) is a thin membrane that
lines the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of
3. The metaphyses (meta- between; singular is bone-forming cells.
metaphysis) are the regions in a mature bone
where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses.
4. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where
the bone forms an articulation (joint) with
another bone.

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FRACTURE
A fracture is any break in a bone. Types of fractures include the following:
• Partial: an incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack.
• Complete: a complete break across the bone; that is, the bone is broken into two or
more pieces.
• Closed (simple): the fractured bone does not break through the skin.
• Open (compound): the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.

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SUTURES

 A suture is an immovable joint in most

cases in an adult that holds skull bones
together. Of the many sutures that are
found in the skull, we will identify only four
prominent ones
 1. The coronal suture unites the frontal
bone and two parietal bones.
 2. The sagittal suture unites the two
parietal bones.
 3. The lambdoid suture unites the parietal
bones to the occipital bone.
 4. The squamous sutures unite the parietal
bones to the temporal bones.

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