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IGCSE Computer Science - 2210 - Chapter 3

This document discusses logic gates and circuits which are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. It covers the fundamentals of logic gates like AND, OR, NOT; extended gates like NAND and NOR; truth tables; converting logic expressions to circuits and vice versa. It also discusses real-world applications of logic gates like using NAND gates to construct other gates. DeMorgan's theorem for simplifying circuits is explained. Finally, it provides exercises on truth tables, circuit diagrams and logical expressions.

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Owais Ahmed
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648 views16 pages

IGCSE Computer Science - 2210 - Chapter 3

This document discusses logic gates and circuits which are the basic building blocks of digital circuits. It covers the fundamentals of logic gates like AND, OR, NOT; extended gates like NAND and NOR; truth tables; converting logic expressions to circuits and vice versa. It also discusses real-world applications of logic gates like using NAND gates to construct other gates. DeMorgan's theorem for simplifying circuits is explained. Finally, it provides exercises on truth tables, circuit diagrams and logical expressions.

Uploaded by

Owais Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IGCSE COMPUTER

SCIENCE
Theory of Computer Science – Logic Gates and Logic
Circuits
Outlines

■ Logic Gates
■ Truth Tables
■ Logic Circuits and Conversions
– Converting Expression to Circuit
– Converting Circuit to Expression
■ Logic Circuits in Real World
– NAND Gate
– DeMorgan’s Theorem
Logic Gates

■ Fundamental building block of a digital circuit


■ Used in computer memory, ALU, CPU, peripherals, … in fact almost all components
■ A logic gate has one or two inputs and one output
■ Input and output can either be true (1) or false (0)
■ Fundamental gates:
– AND
– OR
– NOT
■ Extended gates, constructed using fundamental gates:
– NAND
– NOR
– XOR
Logic Gates – AND gate

■ Two inputs: A and B


■ Output: X
■ X is true only when both input A and
B are true
■ X is false if any or both A and B are
false
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
■ or
Logic Gates – OR gate

■ Two inputs: A and B


■ Output: X
■ X is true when one or both input A
and B are true
■ X is false if both A and B are false
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
Logic Gates – NOT gate

■ Single input: A
■ Output: X
■ X is true when A is false
■ X is false when A is true
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
Logic Gates – NAND gate

■ NAND refers to NOT AND


■ Two inputs: A and B
■ Output: X
■ X is true only when any or both input
A and B are false
■ X is false if both A and B are true
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
■ or
Logic Gates – NOR gate

■ NOR refers to NOT OR


■ Two inputs: A and B
■ Output: X
■ X is true only when both input A and
B are false
■ X is false if any or both A and B are
true
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
Logic Gates – XOR gate

■ XOR refers to Exclusive OR


■ Two inputs: A and B
■ Output: X
■ X is true only either A or B is true
■ X is false if both A and B are true
■ X is false if both A and B are false
■ Expressed in Boolean algebra as:
Truth Tables

■ A truth table represents ALL possible input states and output states of a Logic gate or a
combination of logic gates in a table.
■ The number of states is equal to . Where is the number of input variables.
■ Header of the table contains variable names and logical operation performed on these
variables.
■ For example can be represented as:

A B C
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
. . . . . .
Logic Circuits and Conversions
Logic Circuits in Real World

■ NAND gate is fundamental building block, which can be used to create AND, OR and
NOT gates
■ AND gate can be created using two NAND gates

■ OR gate can be created using three NAND gates


Logic Circuits in Real World

■ NOT gate can be created using only one NAND


DeMorgan’s Theorem

The DeMorgan’s theorem states:


With the help of this theorem, 3 logical gates can be reduced to 1 gate. Thus simplifying the
circuits.
Logic Gates and Circuits exercise

■ Construct truth tables of the following:


– XOR Gate

■ Draw logical circuit diagrams of the


following:

■ Write logical expression of and of given


logical circuits.
Challenge

Use a switch board to construct “AND” and “OR” gates to glow a bulb.
Construct truth table and circuit diagram of an imaginary XNAND gate and check if it is
similar to some other extended gate.

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