L-5

CE – 318N

DESIGN STRENGTH OF BEARING BOLTS

Clause 10.3
 ASSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF BEARING BOLTS

I. The friction between the plates is negligible.

II. Shear is uniform over the cross section of the bolt

III. The distribution of stress on the plates between the bolts is

uniform.

IV. Bolts in a group subjected to direct load share the load equally.

V. Bending stress developed in the bolts is neglected.

 BEARING TYPE CONNECTION
 Stress f = load/area

 Strength of a bolt ( Load) =

 ultimate Stress X Area

tensile strength, or ultimate tensile strength of

bolt can be read from property class

2.No of bolts required= Load/ strength of bolt

Possible Failure Modes

5
 DESIGN STRENGTHN CALCULATION STEPS OF BERAING BOLTS cl 10.3

1. The design strength of bearing bolt is least of the following:-

(a) Shear Capacity (strength)
(b)Bearing Capacity (strength)
(c) Tension Capacity (if present)

2.No of bolts required= Load/ strength of bolt

3. Strength of joint will be minimum of the strength of joint on

the basis of strength of bolts in the joint and net tensile
strength of plate.
where
Strength of joint on the basis of bolt= strength of bolt× No of
bolts

4. Failure of joint can be in plate or bolt

 Actions on Bolt
Shear, bearing, bending
P P
P
P Bearing and single plane Shear
Lap Joint
P P
Bending

Butt Joint Bearing and double plane Shear

P/2 P/2
P P
P/2
P/2
Shear Failure
 SHEAR STRENGTH OF BOLT (10.3.3)
The nominal shear capacity of a bolt is given by Vnsb

where
fub= Ultimate tensile strength of a bolt.

nn = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear

plane,

ns = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear

plane

Asb = Nominal Shank area of the Bolt or Area of X section of shank of

bolt = π/4*d2 (EFFECTIVE AREA OF BOLT Cl 10.3.1 , P-74)

d is nominal diameter of bolt (shank diameter)

Effective area or net area of bolt ie AREA OF BOLT AT ROOT (Anb)
Anb= Net area of the bolt at threads, may be taken as the area
corresponding to root diameter of the thread

Area of Bolt at root of thread is less than shank area of the Bolt.

It is taken app = 0.78 times shank area ie

Anb= 0.78 Asb
 Shear Planes With and Without Threads

Threads included in the Threads Excluded from the

Shear Plane Shear Plane

For bolts in single shear, either nn or ns is one and the other is zero.
For bolts in double shear the sum of nn and ns is two.

11
 The shearing of bolts can take place in the threaded portion of
the bolt and so the area at the root of the threads, also called
the tensile stress area At, is taken as the shear area Asb.

 Since threads can occur in the shear plane, the area Ae for
resisting shear should normally be taken as the net tensile
stress area, An, of the bolts.

 The shear area is specified in the code and is usually about

0.78 times the shank area. However, if it is ensured that the
threads will not lie in the shear plane then the full area can be
taken as the shear area.

 For bolts in single shear, either nn or ns is one and the other is

zero. For bolts in double shear the sum of nn and ns is two.
 SHEAR STRENGTH OF BOLT
The factored shear force Vnsb should satisfy
Vdsb ≤ Vnsb / γmb

Where
γmb = partial safety factor for the material of the bolt =1.25

Vdsb = design strength of bolt

REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SHEAR CAPACITY OF BOLTS

There are three situations suggested by the code for the use of
reduction factors for design shear capacity of the Bolts
i) Long joint ( distance between first and the last bolt in the direction
of load is greater than 15d.)
ii) Large Grip length ( total thickness of the connected plates
exceeds 5 times the dia of bolts (5d)**.
iii) Packing plates are used ( If packing plates of thickness more than
6mm are used in joints)
 Reduction factor for long Joints( 𝛽𝑙𝑗)

Reduction Factor for Large Grip Lengths (𝛽𝑙𝑔)

Reduction Factor for Large Grip Lengths (𝛽𝑝𝑘)

βpk= (1- 0.0125
tpk)
lj= length of joint and is taken as the distance between the first and last
row of bolts in a joint measured in the direction of load transfer.
Lg= grip lenth
tpk is the thickness of the thicker packing plate in mm
d= nominal dia of bolts
 REDUCTION FACTOR FOR SHEAR CAPACITY OF
BOLTS
 The nominal capacity, Vnsb, of a bolt in shear is given in the code as

V n s b  (f u / 3 )(n n A nb  n sA sb )  lj  lg  p k

βlj = reduction factor which allows for the overloading of end bolts
that occur in long connections
βlg = reduction factor that allows for the effect of large grip length,
βpk = reduction factor to account for packing plates in excess of 6mm.

The factored shear force Vnsb should satisfy

Vdsb ≤ Vnsb / γmb ; (γmb = 1.25)

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BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLTS
 If the connected plates are made of high strength
steel then failure of bolt can take place by bearing of
the plates on the bolts.

 If the plate material is weaker than the bolt material,

then failure will occur by bearing of the bolt on the
plate and the hole will elongate. 
 BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLTS
As per IS 800-2007 , the nominal bearing strength of the bolt is :
Vnpb = 2.5 kb fu d t
where
kb is smaller of
e/(3do),
p/(3do)-0.25,
fub/ fu and
1.0,
fub = the ultimate tensile stress of the bolt,
e is the edge distance, p is the pitch of the fastener along bearing
direction,
do is the diameter of the bolt hole.
fu = Ultimate tensile stress of the plate in MPa
d = nominal diameter of the bolt in mm
17
 BEARING CAPACITY OF BOLTS
t = minimum thicknesses of the connected plates experiencing bearing
stress in the same direction ( thickness of thinner plate in lap joint or
minimum of sum of cover plates and main plate in butt)

 The factor kb takes into account inadequate edge distance or pitch

and also prevents bearing failure of bolts.

 If we adopt a minimum edge distance of 1.5 x bolt hole diameter and

a minimum pitch of 2.5 x diameter of bolt, kb may be approximately
taken as 0.50.

 Vnpb should be multiplied by a factor 0.7 for over size or short

slotted holes and by 0.5 for long slotted holes.

18
 BOLTS IN BEARING (cont.)

  For the safety of the joint in bearing, the bearing strength of the
bolt called the design bearing strength is

Vdpb ≤ Vnpb / γmb ;

where γmb = 1.25

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 TENSILE STRENGTH OF BOLT
Tb = factored tensile force <= Tdb
The nominal tensile capacity of bolt in tension is given by
Tnb = 0.9 fub Anb < fyb Asb γmb / γm0

where fub = ultimate tensile stress of bolt

 fyb = yield stress of bolt
 Anb = net tensile stress area of bolt (Table 2)
 Asb = shank area of bolt
 Γm0 = the partial safety factor for material resistance
governed by yielding- 1.10
 The bolt is safe in tension if the factored tension force,
 The factored tension force Tb shall satisfy
Tb ≤ Tnb / γmb ; γmb = 1.25
Tdb= 0.9fub Anb / γmb
If any of the connecting plates is flexible, then additional prying
Capacity Of Ordinary Bolts (Grade 4.6) Based
on Net Tensile Area

21
 BOLTS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED
SHEAR AND TENSION
A Bolt required to resist both design shear force Vsb and
design tensile force at the same time shall satisfy: -

(𝑽𝒔𝒃/Vdsb)𝟐 + (𝑻𝒃/𝑻𝒅𝒃)𝟐≤𝟏.𝟎

Where
Vsb = factored shear force on bolt
Vdsb = design shear capacity of bolt
Tb = factored tensile force on bolt
Tdb= design tension capacity of bolt
Connection subjected to shear and tension
 DESIGN STRENGTH OF PLATES IN A JOINT

Plates in a joint made with bearing bolts may fail due to any one
of the following:
 Shearing or bursting of the edge.

 Crushing of plates.

 Tensile failure (Rupture) of plates.

 Block shear failure of plates in tension.

The bursting or shearing and crushing failures are avoided if the

minimum edge/end distance as per IS 800-2007
recommendations are provided.
  
 TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATE
 If the maximum distances are ensured in a joint, the design
tensile strength of plate in the joint is the strength of the
thinnest member against rupture.

 This strength at a critical section is given by

Tdn = 0.9 An fu / γm1

Where
fu= Ultimate stress of material
γm1 = partial safety factor at ultimate stress = 1.25
An= Net effective area at the critical section

m
A n  [b  n d h   p i 2 / 4 g i ]t
i 1
PATTERN OF BOLTS
Critical sections
 1. The tensile strength of the main plate will
be critical at 1-1
 2. Tensile strength of cover plate will be

critical at 3-3.
 Tension Capacity of Plate
 The pattern of bolts may be chain or staggered (zigzag);
staggered pattern being most suitable as it results in more
net area.

dh= diameter of the bolt hole (2mm in addition to the diameter of the
hole,
in case of directly punched holes
t = thickness of thinner plate in joint
B= width of plate
g= gauge length between the bolt holes
Ps= staggered pitch length between the lines of bolt holes
n= no of bolt holes in the critical section
CHAIN BOLTING 29
Tension Capacity of Plate-Staggered Holes
m
A n  [b  n d h   p i 2 / 4 g i ]t
i 1

30
 STRENGTH OF JOINTS

1.Strength of the joint on the basis of bolts = strength of

one bolt X number of bolts

2.Strength of the joint on the basis of plate = tensile

strength of the plate

Strength of joint = minimum of 1 and 2.

 EFFICIENCY OF JOINTS
Efficiency of a bolted joint also called the percentage strength of
the joint is ratio of the strength of the joint to the strength of the
main member expressed as a percentage.

The effectiveness of a particular bolted joint is measured by its

efficiency.
 EFFICIENCY OF JOINTS
Strength of the joint can also be found based on per pitch length . For example
 ECENTRIC CONNECTION WITH BEARING BOLTS

Case-I Load is in the plane of group of bolts

P Eccentricity in the
P
Pe plane of the faying
surface
Direct Shear + Additional
Shear due to moment Pe

e
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts with Eccentricity on the
Faying Surface

 Elastic Method
P P
e Pe
r3
d3 d1 r1
P/3
CG P/3 CG
d2

r2
P/3
Assume plates are perfectly rigid and bolts perfectly elastic 
rotational displacement at each bolt is proportional to its distance from
the CG  stress is greatest at bolt farthest from CG
Consider the eccentric connection which is subjected to
design load P at an eccentricity e.

The load is equivalent to

(i) An axial load P
(ii) Moment ‘Pe’ acting at the CG of the bolt group

Total Force in each bolt is resultant of Force due to

direct shear (P) and shear force due to Moment (Pe) .

This resultant force in each bolt should be less than the

strength of the bolt.
Let n be the number of bolts in the bracket connection

Let F1 = Force due to Direct Shear due to axial load

= P/n and acts in vertical direction.

Let F2= Force in any bolt due to torque= Pe r/ Σ r2

Force in any bolt due to torque is proportional to its
radial distance from the center of rotation of the
connection
F2 α r or or F2= k r (1)
So torque about center of center of rotation of the bolt
group ie Total resisting torque
= Σ F2 r
This force balances moment = Pe
Thus Σ F2 r = Pe
Put value of F2
Σ k r2 = Pe
or k = Pe/ Σ r2 (2)
Again from Eq1
F2= k r ;
put k from eq2
Or F Pe r/ Σ r2
Force F2 is maximum when r is maximum

If θ is the angle between F1and F2, then the Resultant force in Bolt
is given by


 F= √ ( F1 2 + F2 2 + 2 F1F2 Cos θ )

 This should be less than strength of bolt