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Rolles and Mean Value Theorem (Lec # 14)

Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem state that for a differentiable function on a closed interval, if the function has the same value at the endpoints, then it must have at least one point in the interval where the tangent line is horizontal (Rolle's Theorem) or parallel to the secant line between the endpoints (Mean Value Theorem). The Mean Value Theorem is a generalization of Rolle's Theorem that applies to functions with different endpoint values rather than requiring them to be equal. Examples are provided to illustrate the theorems and how differentiability over the entire interval is required for the conclusions to hold.

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Wajahat Khan
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63 views18 pages

Rolles and Mean Value Theorem (Lec # 14)

Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem state that for a differentiable function on a closed interval, if the function has the same value at the endpoints, then it must have at least one point in the interval where the tangent line is horizontal (Rolle's Theorem) or parallel to the secant line between the endpoints (Mean Value Theorem). The Mean Value Theorem is a generalization of Rolle's Theorem that applies to functions with different endpoint values rather than requiring them to be equal. Examples are provided to illustrate the theorems and how differentiability over the entire interval is required for the conclusions to hold.

Uploaded by

Wajahat Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH-101 Calculus and Analytical Geometry – 3-0 CHs

By

Irfan Naimat

ROLLE’S THEOREM
&
MEAN-VALUE THEOREM

Lec # 14
ROLLE’S THEOREM
The theorem discovered by Michel Rolle provides sufficient
conditions for the existence of a critical number.
This theorem states the geometrically obvious fact that if the graph of
a differentiable function intersects the ‘’ -axis at two places, ‘’ and ‘’ ,
then somewhere between ‘’ and ‘’ there must be at least one place
where the tangent line is horizontal.

Rolle’s Theorem says that


a differentiable curve has at
least one horizontal tangent
between any two points
where it crosses a horizontal
line. It may have just one
(a), or it may have more (b).
The precise statement of the theorem is as follows.

Theorem :

Let be continuous on the closed interval and differentiable on


the open interval .
If and
then there is at least one point c in the interval such that
Example:Verify Rolle’s theorem for
on

Solutionis continuous on and

Now using
So is not differentiable at Hence Rolle’s theorem fails.
REMARKS # 1:
The differentiability requirement in Rolle’s Theorem is critical. If
fails to be differentiable at even one place in the interval , then the
conclusion of the theorem may not hold.
For Example, the function graphed in Figure.

has roots at and yet there is no horizontal tangent to the graph of


over the interval
REMARKS # 2:
If satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem on then the theorem
guarantees the existence of at least one point c in at which . There
may, however, be more than one such c.
For Example, the function is continuous and differentiable
everywhere, so the hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem are satisfied on
the interval whose endpoints are roots of .

As indicated in Figure, there are two points in the interval at which the
graph of has a horizontal tangent, and
NOTE:

In pervious examples we were able to find exact values of because the


equation was easy to solve. However, in the applications of Rolle’s
Theorem it is usually the existence of c that is important and not its
actual value.

THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM

The Mean Value Theorem, which was first stated by Joseph-Louis


Lagrange, is a slanted version of Rolle’s Theorem.

Or

Rolle’s Theorem is a special case of a more general result, called the


Mean-Value Theorem.
Geometrically, this theorem states that between any two points and on the
graph of a differentiable function , there is at least one place where the
tangent line to the graph is parallel to the secant line joining and .
Or
There is a point where the tangent is parallel to chord AB

The graph of ƒ and the chord


AB over the interval [a, b].

The graph of ƒ where tangent


line is parallel to the secant line.
THEOREM(Mean-value Theorem) Let be continuous on the
closed interval and differentiable on the open interval . then there is
at least one point c in the interval such that
Example 1:Show that the function satisfies the conditions of the Mean-
value Theorem over the interval and find all values of c in the interval at
which the tangent line to the graph of is parallel to the secant line joining
the points and
SolutionThe function is continuous and differentiable everywhere because
it is a polynomial. In particular, is continuous on and differentiable on . So
the conditions of the Mean- value Theorem are satisfied with and . But

Now using
or
However, only the positive solution lies in the interval (0, 2). So
Example:The function is continuous and differentiable everywhere
because it is a polynomial. In particular, is continuous on and
differentiable on . So the conditions of the Mean- value Theorem are
satisfied with and . But

Now using
Example:Ifon find ‘c’ of the mean value theorem.
Solution

Now using

But the point does not belong to .


Hence the only admissible value of c is
Example:For the functioncheck whether the mean value
theorem holds on the interval

SolutionThe graph of the function is continuous on the


closed interval but doesn't have a derivative at in the open
interval Thus condition of mean value theorem doesn't
holds on the interval .
EXERCISE

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