HEALTH and DEVELOPMENT

PRINCESS CATHERINE M. SANTIAGO, MBM

 Relate the role of health in
economic development.

Apply appropriate regulations

covering provision of healthcare

Discuss health-related factors

and determinants, including its
relation to poverty, investment,
education, environment and
genetics.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
 Health
 Factors of good
health

Roles of Health in
Economic
Development

Poverty and Health

Health as
Investment
COURSE OUTLINE
Preliminary Activity

https://youtu.be/1BvKZMg2LjU
 Health

01
Definition of terms

What is health?
 the state of being free from illness or
injury.
 a person's mental or physical
condition.
Health can be defined as physical, mental,
and social well-being, and as a resource
for living a full life. It refers not only to
the absence of disease, but the ability to
recover and bounce back from illness and
other problems. Physical is about the
body. Mental is about how people think
and feel.
Factors of Good Health
Genetics
Genetics is the study of heredity. Heredity is a
biological process where a parent passes
certain genes onto their children or offspring.

Environment
The sum total of all surroundings of a living
organism, including natural forces and other
living things, which provide conditions for
development and growth as well as of
danger and damage.

Relationships
a connection between two people or things.

Education
process of facilitating learning, or the
acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
beliefs, and habits.
 GENETICS
Family history is often one of the strongest risk
factors for common disease complexes such as
cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes,
auto-immune disorders, and psychiatric illnesses. A
person inherits a complete set of genes from each
Your genetics parent, as well as a vast array of cultural and
load the gun . socioeconomic experiences from his/her family.
Your lifestyle Family history is thought to be a good predictor of
an individual’s disease risk because family members
pulls the trigger.
most closely represent the unique genomic and
environmental interactions that an individual
experiences.

Exercise regularly. Don't smoke. See your doctor.

Eat a healthy diet. If you already smoke, Get any medical Get a family history.
Every little bit helps. Start
Eat more fruits and talk to your doctor about treatment you need. Ask your family
slow and try to work up to
vegetables. Limit Get an annual check- members about their
at least 30 minutes of quitting. Also try to avoid
sugar, fat, and up. health histories.
exercise 5 days a week. second hand smoke.
 ENVIRONMENT
Humans interact with the environment constantly.
These interactions affect quality of life, years of
healthy life lived, and health disparities. The World
Health Organization (WHO) defines environment, as
6 themes of it relates to health, as “all the physical, chemical,
and biological factors external to a person, and all
Environmental
the related behaviors.” Environmental health
Health
consists of preventing or controlling disease, injury,
and disability related to the interactions between
people and their environment.

Global
Outdoor air quality Surface and ground water Toxic substances and Homes and Infrastructure and
Environment
quality hazardous wastes communities surveillance
Health
 6 THEMES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH

OUTDOOR AIR SURFACE & GROUND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

QUALITY WATER QUALITY & HAZARDOUS
WASTES

Poor air quality is linked to premature Surface and ground water quality concerns The health effects of toxic substances and
death, cancer, and long-term damage to apply to both drinking water and hazardous wastes are not yet fully
respiratory and cardiovascular systems. recreational waters. Contamination by understood. Research to better understand
Progress has been made to reduce infectious agents or chemicals can cause how these exposures may impact health is
unhealthy air emissions, Decreasing air mild to severe illness. Protecting water ongoing. Meanwhile, efforts to reduce
pollution is an important step in creating sources and minimizing exposure to exposures continue. Reducing exposure to
a healthy environment. contaminated water sources are important toxic substances and hazardous wastes is
parts of environmental health. fundamental to environmental health.
 6 THEMES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

GLOBAL
INFRASTRUCTURE &
HOMES & ENVIRONMENTAL
SURVEILLANCE
COMMUNITIES HEALTH

People spend most of their time at home, Preventing exposure to environmental Water quality is an important
work, or school. Some of these environments hazards relies on many partners, global challenge. Diseases can be
may expose people to: including state and local health reduced by improving water quality
• Indoor air pollution departments. Personnel, surveillance and sanitation and increasing
• Inadequate heating and sanitation systems, and education are important access to adequate water and
• Structural problems resources for investigating and sanitation facilities.
• Electrical and fire hazards responding to disease, monitoring for
• Lead-based paint hazards hazards, and educating the public.
These hazards can impact health and safety. Additional methods and greater capacity
Maintaining healthy homes and communities to measure and respond to
is essential to environmental health. environmental hazards are needed.
 RELATIONSHIP
Throughout your life, the number and strength of
your relationships affect your mental and physical
wellbeing.
The benefits of social connections and good mental
3 KINDS OF health are numerous. Proven links include lower
CONNECTIONS rates of anxiety and depression, higher self-esteem,
greater empathy, and more trusting and cooperative
relationships. Strong, healthy relationships can also
help to strengthen your immune system, help you
recover from disease, and may even lengthen your
life.

INTIMATE - RELATIONAL- COLLECTIVE-

with people who love with people who you see with people who share a group
and care for you, regularly and share an interest membership or an affiliation with
such as family and with, such as workmates or you, such as people who vote like
friends those who serve your morning you do, or people who have the
coffee same faith.
 EDUCATION
Education and health are the two most important
characteristics of human capital. Their economic
3 MAIN value lies in the effects they have on productivity:
CONNECTIONS OF both education and health make individuals more
HEALTH & productive. Education and health have a
EDUCATION considerable impact on individual well-being, as
well. The wealth of nations is to a large extent
determined by the educational attainment and the
health status of its population.

Education can create

opportunities for Poor health can put education at Conditions throughout people's lives
better health. risk. can affect both education & health.
EDUCATION
 Education can create
opportunities for
better health
Better jobs Knowledge

Income & Health

Higher earnings
Resources Behaviors

Resources for Skills

good health

Reduced stress Space

Social & Social and

Psychological Healthier
psychological skills Opportunities
Benefits Neighborhoods

Social networks Crime rate &

Political influence

15
 Poor health can put education at risk

The relationship between education and

health is never a simple one. Poor health not
He who has health
only results from lower educational
has hope;
and he who has hope attainment, it can also cause educational
has setbacks and interfere with schooling.
everything

LEARNING DISABILITIES
ATTENDANCE CONCENTRATION
 Conditions throughout people's lives
can affect both education & health

The relationship between education and health is

never a simple one. Poor health not only results
from lower educational attainment, it can also cause
It is health that educational setbacks and interfere with schooling.
is real wealth and
not pieces of gold
and silver.

INDIVIDUAL/FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS - Characteristics of

individuals and families are important in the relationship between
education and health. Race, gender, age, disability and other
personal characteristics often affect educational opportunities and
SOCIAL POLICIES -
success in school. Discrimination and racism have multiple links to
decisions about jobs,
education and health. Racial segregation reduces educational and
the economy &
job opportunities and is associated with worse health outcomes.
education reform
 Roles of
Health in
Economic
Development

02
 Roles of Health in
Economic Development
Healthier population Health and education
is essential to the are investments
development of a made in the same
strong economy. individual.

Healthier populations Greater health

are better workers & capital may raise the
contributors to return on investment
economic growth. in education.

Healthier children Health reduces

learn better in production losses due
schools. to illness.
 Poverty and
Health

03
 Poverty and Health
What links poverty and health?
 Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of poor health.
 Poverty increases the chances of poor health.
 Poor health, in turn, traps communities in poverty.
 Infectious and neglected tropical diseases kill and weaken millions of the
poorest and most vulnerable people each year.
 The economic and political structures which sustain poverty and
discrimination need to be transformed in order for poverty and poor health
to be tackled.
 Marginalised groups and vulnerable individuals are often worst affected,
deprived of the information, money or access to health services that would
help them prevent and treat disease.
 Poverty and Health
What links poverty and health?

 Very poor and vulnerable people may have to make harsh choices – knowingly putting
their health at risk because they cannot see their children go hungry, for example.
 The cultural and social barriers faced by marginalised groups – including indigenous
communities – can mean they use health services less, with serious consequences for
their health. This perpetuates their disproportionate levels of poverty.
 The cost of doctors’ fees, a course of drugs and transport to reach a health centre can
be devastating, both for an individual and their relatives who need to care for them or
help them reach and pay for treatment. In the worst cases, the burden of illness may
mean that families sell their property, take children out of school to earn a living or
even start begging.
 Poverty and Health
What links poverty and health?

 The burden of caring is often taken on by a female relative, who may have
to give up her education as a result, or take on waged work to help meet
the household’s costs. Missing out on education has long-term implications
for a woman’s opportunities later in life and for her own health.

 Overcrowded and poor living conditions can contribute to the spread of

airborne diseases such as tuberculosis and respiratory infections such as
pneumonia. Reliance on open fires or traditional stoves can lead to deadly
indoor air pollution. A lack of food, clean water and sanitation can also be
fatal.
Poverty and Health
"The biggest enemy of health in the
developing world is poverty."
Kofi Annan

Approximately 1.2 billion people in the

world live in extreme poverty (less than
P50.00 per day). Poverty creates ill-health
because it forces people to live in
environments that make them sick, without
decent shelter, clean water or adequate
sanitation.
 Philippine Statistics on
Poverty PH poverty projected to be
at 18.7% in 2021: WB
Poverty incidence in the Philippines is
expected to fall below 20 percent in 2020 and
further decline until 2021, a year before
President Rodrigo Duterte's term ends,
according to the projections made by the
World Bank (WB).
In its latest Macro Poverty Outlook for East
Asia and the Pacific Report, the World Bank

20% expects the poverty rate in the Philippines at

20.8 percent by the end of 2019, down from
the estimated 24.5 percent in 2016.
The World Bank had estimated the
Philippines' poverty incidence at 23.1 percent
in 2017 and 21.9 percent in 2018.
In its latest report, the World Bank saw the
poverty rate in the Philippines further
declining to 19.8 percent in 2020 and 18.7
percent in 2021.

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/
1083509#:~:text=The%20World%20Bank%20had
%20estimated,and%2018.7%20percent%20in
%202021.
 Plans of Philippine
Government against poverty.
Moving forward, the World Bank said that fostering
high-quality job creation and boosting human capital
investment would enhance the impact of economic
growth on poverty reduction and shared prosperity.

To increase the growth impact on poverty and

inequality, targeted investments and supportive
business regulations are needed in industries and
sectors that generate high-quality jobs, it said.
 Plans of Philippine
Government against poverty.

Human capital investments in education and health

must be fortified, including training and skills
development, which will be needed for workers to stay
competitive in a fast-changing global work environment,
it added.

“Finally, improving social-protection programs, including

the 4Ps, will support the incomes of poor households
and help build their resilience against adverse shocks,”
the World Bank said. https://business.inquirer.net/281269/ph-poverty-rate-
seen-falling-below-20-starting-2020
 Health as
Investment

04
 Health as Investment
RA 10932 - Anti-Hospital
RA 11223 - Universal Deposit Law
Health Care
Increasing the Penalties for the Refusal
automatically enrolls all Filipino citizens in of Hospitals and Medical Clinics to
the National Health Insurance Program and Administer Appropriate Initial Medical
prescribes complementary reforms in the Treatment and Support in Emergency or
health system. Serious Cases
This gives citizens access to the full
RA 11509 -  Doktor Para sa
continuum of health services they need,
while protecting them from enduring
Bayan Act
financial hardship as a result. It provides for medical scholarship and
return service or MSRS program for poor
but deserving Filipino students in state
universities and colleges and in private
higher education institutions from
regions where there are no SUCs offering
a medicine course.
Universal Health Care
In the Philippines, around 55% of health spending is
out-of-pocket, creating situations where families are
pushed into poverty by paying for life-saving and
health-preserving services. Not only is this a heart-
breaking situation, it is bad for development. If people
are forced to choose between paying for health and
paying for education and basic necessities, their
chances of becoming productive members of society are
severely compromised.

It is commendable that through the UHC Act, the

Philippines has chosen to invest in improving access to
health for those in need, so out-of-pocket spending will
become lower. Still, work has to be done to ensure
everyone across the country has access to the health
services they need, where and when they need them.
Why? Because we are not yet investing in the most
efficient ways of providing care.
 Anti-Hospital Deposit Law
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on Thursday, August 3, signed into law, increasing the penalties for the refusal
of hospitals and clinics to administer appropriate initial medical treatment in emergency or serious cases.

Republic Act No. 10932, otherwise known as the Anti-Hospital Deposit Law provides that “in emergency or
serious cases, it shall be unlawful for any hospital or medical clinic to request, solicit, demand or accept any
deposit or any other form of advance payment as prerequisite for administering basic emergency care, for
confinement or medical treatment, or to refuse to administer medical treatment and support to any patient.”
Under this new law, any official, medical practitioner or employee of the hospital or medical clinic who violates
the provisions of this Act shall be punished by imprisonment of not less than six (6) months and one (1) day but
not more than two (2) years and four (4) months, or a fine of not less than P100,000.00 but not more than
P300,000.00 or both.

Higher penalties of imprisonment of four (4) to six (6) years, or a fine of not less than P500,000.00 but not
more than one million pesos, or both, are imposed upon directors or officers of hospitals or clinics responsible
for the formulation and implementation of policies or instructions violative of this Act.
Three (3) repeated violations, added RA 10932, shall result in the revocation of the health facility’s license to
operate by the Department of Health (DOH).

https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/duterte-signs-anti-hospital-deposit-law/
 Doktor Para sa Bayan Act
Duterte approved on Dec. 23, 2020 the Republic Act 11509, also known as Doktor Para sa Bayan
Act.

According to the law, qualified applicants from towns which do not have government physicians
should be prioritized in the allocation of scholarship slots to make sure that at least one doctor
would serve in each municipality.
The mandatory return service upon integration into the medical service system will be for at least
six years for those under the four-year program, and seven years for those who have availed of the
five-year program.

https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/5/Duterte-signs-Doktor-Para-sa-Bayan-Act.html
Why Invest Now?
We are seeing rapid changes here in the Philippines. The
economy is growing, but improvements to health and well-
being have been uneven, with women and children missing
out most. Climate change is causing more extreme
weather events, compromising food and water security
and increasing the risk of disease outbreaks.

Filipinos’ expectations about what health services can offer

are also changing, due to greater availability of
information and advances in technology.

At the same time, the country is struggling to deal with

shifting patterns of disease as a result of population ageing
and unhealthy environments and lifestyles. Today, around
6 out of every 10 Filipinos are dying because of
noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer,
chronic respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease,
while more than 3 million Filipinos are living with mental
health conditions. The country is still also addressing
infectious killers, malnutrition and other maternal and
child health problems.
Why Invest Now?
This is an opportunity for the government and the private
sector, including health care providers of all kinds, to take
action and help redesign the way we live our lives, and
access services we need to thrive and prosper. The UHC Act
is replete with provisions that can be implemented to
strengthen primary health care as the Philippines’
foundation for UHC.

Why now? Because with these challenges ahead, we

cannot afford to wait.

We know that investing in UHC is a best buy for the

Philippines as it will result to people becoming healthier
and more productive citizens. Health for all must be by all
– national leaders, local governments, private sector, civil
society, health workers. We must all commit to
strengthening primary health care as a foundation for UHC.
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/commentaries/detail/universal-health-care-the-best-
investment-the-philippines-will-make
SUMMARY
• Health is not only the absence of illness, but
also the capacity of developing a person’s
potential throughout his/her life. In this
sense, health is an asset with intrinsic value
(being healthy is a source of well-being) and
instrumental value.
• In instrumental terms, health causes
economic growth because it reduces
production losses caused by illness in
workers, increases adult productivity through
improved nutrition, increases school
attendance and improves learning,
maximizes the use of resources that were
totally or partially unavailable due to illness,
and frees up resources that would otherwise
have to be allotted to treating illnesses.
SUMMARY
• Health is one of the main determinants of
poverty.
• When the members of a family are healthy,
the father and mother have the opportunity
to look for and keep jobs, and they can
generate wealth, feed and protect their
children, and send them to school. Healthy,
well-fed children have better school
performance and this will have a positive
impact on income in the future. In addition, if
the parents are sure that their children are
highly likely to live to be adults, they will
usually have fewer children and can thus
invest more in the health and education of
each one.
 SUMMARY
• Investing in health includes expenditures on all those
activities whose primary objective is to reestablish,
maintain, improve and protect health in a country or
state during a definite period of time. Investment
occurs both within a health system and outside it.
Outside the health system, the most important
investments include nutrition, infrastructure for
sanitation and potable water, and housing.
• Within the health system, the most relevant
investment activities include: health promotion and
disease prevention; treatment of pathologies and
reduction of premature deaths; providing care for
people with chronic diseases, deficiencies,
disabilities, or health-related handicaps; chronic
illness care; the provision and administration of public
health care; provision and management of public
health care; taking steps to develop health programs,
health insurance and other mechanisms of financing,
and the administration of the health system.
EVALUATION
FILM REVIEW

Watch the link provided and answer the

following questions:

https://fb.watch/4DKWjtE7U7/

1. How did the flu outbreak start?

2. What was the government response on the
outbreak? Was the response effective or not?
Justify your answer.
3. In what particular scene did you realize that
“health is wealth”? Why?
4. Does the flu outbreak affect their economy?
Cite the scene or part of the movie that shows
its effect on economic development.
5. Among all of the characters, who played the
most important role? Explain your answer.
 REFERENCES
1. Influences on your health. (n.d). WeSchools.
https://www.weschools.org/Downloads/Chpt%201%20Lesson%202.pdf

2. Weiler, G. (2019, April 7). Universal health care: the best investment the Philippines will make. World Health
Organization.
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/commentaries/detail/universal-health-care-the-best-investment-the-
philippines-will-make

3. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. (n.d). National
Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19932/

4. Environmental Health.(n.d). Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/environmental-health

5. Strong relationships, strong health. (n.d). Better Health Channel.

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/HealthyLiving/Strong-relationships-strong-health

6. Why Education Matters to Health: Exploring the Causes. (2015, February 13). Virginia Commonwealth
University, Center on Society and Health.
https://societyhealth.vcu.edu/work/the-projects/why-education-matters-to-health-exploring-the-causes.htm
l
 REFERENCES
7. Bloom, D. (n.d). Education, Health and Development. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
http://www.amacad.org/sites/default/files/academy/multimedia/pdfs/publications/researchpapersmono
graphs/ubase_edu_health_dev.pdf

8. Roberts, S. (2018, January 10). Key Facts: Poverty And Poor Health. Health Poverty Action.
https://www.healthpovertyaction.org/news-events/key-facts-poverty-and-poor-health/#:~:text=Overcro
wded%20and%20poor%20living%20conditions,sanitation%20can%20also%20be%20fatal
.

9. Carlos, R. (2019, October 17). PH poverty projected to be at 18.7% in 2021: WB. Philippine News Agency.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1083509#:~:text=The%20World%20Bank%20had%20estimated,and
%2018.7%20percent%20in%202021
.

10. Philippine Health Care Laws. (n.d). Philippine Academy of Family Physicians.
http://thepafp.org/website/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Philippine-Health-Care-Laws.pdf

11. Duterte signs Anti-Hospital Deposit Law. (2017, August 5). Presidential Communications Operations Office.
https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/duterte-signs-anti-hospital-deposit-law/

12. Duterte signs bill granting medical scholarships, 3 other measures. (2021, January 5). CNN Philippines.
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/1/5/Duterte-signs-Doktor-Para-sa-Bayan-Act.html
Thank you