Chapter 3

The Internet
and World
Wide Web
Sir Sem A. Mapa
 The
Internet
 The Internet (capitalized as in Internet when it first came into widespread
use) is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers
via dedicated routers and servers. When computers are connected to the
internet, end-users could start sending and receiving different types of
information. These types of information can be sent and received via electronic
mails (emails), text or video chats and/or conferencing, and computer
programs, among others.
But no one actually owns “the Internet.” Large internet service providers own
infrastructure through which internet is delivered.
The Internet: Then and
Now
Even though today’s internet bears little
resemblance to its forebear of almost 50 years
Afterwards, other universities and U.S.
institutions were connected to ARPANET that
ago, it still functions in basically the same way. resulted in the growth of ARPANET different
The internet has evolved into something from everyone’s expectations. ARPANET then
different from the special-purpose, restricted- obtained the name of “Internet.”
use network its planners originally envisioned
it to be (Norton, 2012) The advancement of hypertext-based
technology known as World Wide Web,
The internet started from the Advanced WWW, or just simply as the Web has
Research Projects Agency’s Wide Are Network provided the channels for displaying text,
which is called the ARPANET. This was graphics, animations, etc. Its other features of
established by the U.S. Department of Defense enabling easy search and offering navigation
in the 1960s so that the military’s research unit tools prompted the internet’s unpredictable
could collaborate or partner with business and worldwide growth.
government laboratories.
 The Internet2
Environment: Future
Empowerment
Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium founded in 1996 by 34 university
research institutions in the U.S. It provides a collaborative environment where U.S.
research and education organizations work together and develop advanced technologies
and innovative solutions such as telemedicine, digital libraries, and virtual laboratories
to assist education, research, and community development.

Internet2 manages the Internet2 Network, a next-generation optical and internet

protocol network that is capable of delivering enhanced network services and is better,
faster, and more efficient than the typical internet or broadband connections. Internet2
maintains a secure network testing and research environment. It began operating the
Internet2 DCN (dynamic circuit network), an advanced technology that allows user-
based allocation of data circuits over the fiber-optic network.
 Internet Today, the internet connects thousands of networks

Today: Still
and billions of users around the world. As a result,
the internet is open to anyone who can access it. If
one can use a computer and if the computer is
Growing connected to the internet, he or she is free not only
to use the resources posted by others, but also create
resources of his or her own; that is the internet user
can publish documents on the World Wide Web,
exchange email messages with other users, and
perform many other tasks.
 Jobs the Internet Can Do
Internet users may wonder about the jobs that the internet can do. However, there is only
one simple job that the internet does, and it is to move, transfer, or assign a
computerized information from one place to another. This information can be in the
form of text documents, images, audio, video, and software programs, among others, All
this information is known as data. The internet can handle different kinds of
information and assist people to perform various jobs – from the simple tasks of
handling of email, searching on websites, and sending chat messages to the more
sophisticated function of creating websites and programming possible through various
software programs.
 How Data Travels the
Internet
In t he Philippines, the transmission media that make up the internet
backbone allow information or data exchanges between networks at
several locations across the country, such as La Union in the northern
Data and information are
part, and Batangas, Cavite, and Davao down south. The high-speed
transferred around the world
equipment in these sites functions similarly to a highway
through wired or wireless
interchange. Data is transferred from one network to another until it
transmission media.
reaches its final destination.
 For Example:

Friend A gives friend B a telephone call; the telephone then opens a direct
connection (also known as the circuit) between friend A’s home and friend B’s
home. In this scenario, a direct line can be pictured out, running along miles of
cable, from friend A’s telephone to friend B’s telephone. As long as the two
friends are over the telephone, that connection or circuit stays open between
two telephones. This method of linking the telephones together is called circuit
switching.

Much of internet runs on the Circuit switching is one of the most common schemes utilized to build a
communication network, such as the case of ordinary telephone calls.
ordinary public telephone
Circuit switching, however, is inefficient because if you stay connected
network. However, there is a with your friend or relative over the phone all the time, the circuit is still
big difference between how connected, and is, therefore, blocking other people from using it. A
a telephone works and how traditional dial-up connection to the net, in which a computer dials a
the internet carries data. telephone number to reach the internet service provider, uses circuit
switching. This appears inefficient because browsing the internet and
using the telephone at the same time are not possible.
As time goes by, technologies are improved and developed as well. Most data that moves
over the internet in an entirely different way is called packet switching. This is a mode of
transmission in which the message is broken into smaller parts (called packets) which are
sent independently, and then reassemble at the ultimate destination. Suppose an email
from the Philippines is sent to someone in South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, China, Italy,
the U.S. and other countries. Instead of having a knotty circuit between the home in the
Philippines
and those mentioned countries, and sending the email In one go, the email is
“broken” into tiny pieces (happens at the back of the system). Theoretically,
travel via different routes, and when they reach their definitive destination, these
packets will then reassemble to make the email message one and complete.

Compared to circuit switching, packet switching, therefore, is much more

efficient. A permanent connection is not necessary between the two places
communicating, which avoids blocking the entire chunk of the network each
time a message is sent.
 Comparison between Circuit
Switching and Packet Switching
Switching Method Pros Cons Key Features
It offers a dedicated Dedicated channels can If offers the capability of storing
transmission channel cause delays because a messages temporarily to reduce
that is reserved until channel is unavailable network congestion.
Circuit Switching it is disconnected. until one side
disconnects. It uses a
dedicated physical link
between the sending and
receiving devices.
Packets can be Packets can get lost while The two types of packet switching
routed around taking alternative routes are datagram and virtual circuit.
network congestion. to the destination. Datagram packets are independently
Packet Switching Packet switching Messages are divided sent and can take different paths
makes efficient use into packets that contain throughout the network.
of network source and destination Virtual circuit uses a logical
bandwidth. information. connection between the source and
the destination device.
 What Computers
Do on the Internet
• Server - Computers do different jobs on the internet. Some computers
work like electronic filing cabinets that store information and send it
when clients request so.
-A server is a computer that is designed to process aby requests
for data and delivers data to other client computers over a local network
or the internet.
- Any computer running with special software can function as a
server, and servers have different roles to play.
• Client - is a computer or device that gets information from server.
• Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)– A computer that holds the
user accounts, computer accounts, organizational units, and application
services.
• Domain Name System (DNS) server– Another machine that helps the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHPC) server is a server that configures IPv4 and IPv6 addresses specifically in giving
names to each IP address up to its root recognition.
• File server – Another machine that holds and manages documents
• Web Server II – holds users’ mail services and Web services.
• Print Server – A device that connects printers to client computers through the internet. It accepts
print jobs from the computers, queues these jobs, and sends them to the appropriate printers.
• Router – besides clients and servers, the internet is made up of a hardware device designed to
receive, analyze, and send incoming packets to another network. Having several computer devices
both home and in school, you probably have a router that connects all of your devices to the internet.
The router can be compared to a simple mailbox placed at the corner of a street and which represents
your single point of entry to the worldwide network.
The World Wide
Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred
to as the collection of public websites that
are connected to the internet worldwide,
together with the client computers which
include personal computers, laptops, iPads,
and cellular phones that access its content.
 Web Technologies Hypertext markup language (HTML)
The WWW is considered to be one of
the applications in the internet and • Is a standard markup language used for creating
computer networks. This is based on web pages, HTML is classified as the set of
markup symbols or codes appended in a file
three fundamental technologies that intended for presentation on a World Wide Web
are said to be part of the WWW browser page.
development:

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) Web servers and web browsers

• A software application for recovering, presenting,
• Classified as the set of standards allowing users and navigating information resources on the
of the World Wide Web to interchange World Wide Web. There are different browser
information seen on web pages. Port 80 is the applications that are currently used in the WWW
standard port for HTTP connections. such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more.
The World There are known websites that enhanced their features in terms of design

Wide Web and development style to adapt to the speedily growing techniques of the
users’ way of retrieving the Web from large screen computers to small-
screen mobile phones.

Today It is observed and shown that the way the Web works is reasonably simple
having its four basic stages: connection, request, response, and close. The
first stage is where many users access the browser such as Internet
Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox (some of the most used
browsers) to connect to the Web server. Browser works by using a unique
protocol known as the HTTP which demands a particular programmed text
from the web server. The text is usually written in HTML format that
informs the browser on how it will display the text on the user’s screen.
Different technical terms are used in explaining how the Web works. One of
the most important terms to know is the uniform resource locators
(URLs) which is sorted as the internet address. A URL contains four parts,
namely the protocol identifier which indicates the protocol to use, the
domain name which specifies the IP address where the resources is
located, the path, and the file name.
Searching for Information on
the Web
A website is maintained by its owner,
called a web administrator. The
There are two mainly managed search
tools that people use in locating
owner can modify the website content information on the web: subject
as well as add new information in it. directories and search engines.
However, no single organization • Subject Directory – are developed and
controls additions, deletions, and maintained by human editors and not by
changes to all websites. This means electronic spiders or robots that are used
there is no single repository for all to fetch web pages automatically.
websites found on the internet. Several • Search engine - uses small programs
companies, however, maintain called spider or bots (like Googlebot,
organized directories of websites to Yahoo Slurp, and MSNbot) that
help people to find information about polishes the internet, follow links, and
specific topics. return information to the search
engine’s indicator
 If you enter a phrase with spaces between the word in the search box, most search engines
return links to pages that include all of the words. There are several techniques that can be
used to improve web searches such as:

• Using specific words and placing the most important terms first in
the search text or phrases.
• Using quotation marks to create exact phrases – this helps the
search engine fins what it is looking for by using the exact
sequence of words.
• Listing all possible spellings, for example, organization and
organisation.

In addition to searching for web pages, many search engines allow

searching for images, news articles, and various reports in different
formats
One of the most popular search engines now is Google. Below is an overview of some of the most
useful Google search tricks released in 2016, from basic tips to new features.

1. Use quotes to search for an exact phrase - By typing in double-quotes (“) at the start and end for a certain word
or phrase, Google will provide the exact word or phrasing you need.
2. Use an asterisk within quotes to specify unknown or variable words - the asterisk symbol (*) will provide
possibilities. It is helpful, for example, if you are trying to determine a song from its lyrics, but you forgot some of
the words or if you are trying to complete a sentence, but could not remember what it was.
3. Use the minus sign to eliminate results containing certain words – while the asterisk gives you responsibilities,
the minus sign (-) eliminates results of certain words. Just type the minus sign prior to the word you do not want to
include in the search.
4. Search websites for keywords – You can specify certain content, format, or files you want Google to search to
provide. For instance, if you want to specifically search for PDF files regarding a certain topic, simply type the
keyword PDF followed by a colon symbol (:) and the topic you are searching for.
5. Compare using “vs”- by using the “vs” or “versus” between two words you want to compare, Google will provide
an in-depth analysis of the two words, such as pointing out similarities and differences.
6. Use “DEFINE” to search for the meaning of words – slang included – The “DEFINE” keyword provides a
dictionary definition of a word. Also, you will be able to see etymology and a graph of its use over time.
7. Search images using images – Using your mobile device’s camera, you can search for images online by going to
Google Images, activating your camera phone and taking a picture of the image you are searching for. Google will
provide you with similar images on the web.
Thank
You
SEE YOU NEXT TIME