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The Frequency Domain

This document discusses signal representations in the time and frequency domains. It explains that the time domain shows how a signal changes over time, while the frequency domain shows the frequencies that make up the signal and their magnitudes. The frequency domain can help visualize attributes like bandwidth. While real-world signals may not be sinusoidal, Fourier theory represents any periodic signal as a sum of sines and cosines at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, known as a Fourier series. An example shows sketching the frequency domain representation of a sawtooth wave up to the fifth harmonic.

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39 views13 pages

The Frequency Domain

This document discusses signal representations in the time and frequency domains. It explains that the time domain shows how a signal changes over time, while the frequency domain shows the frequencies that make up the signal and their magnitudes. The frequency domain can help visualize attributes like bandwidth. While real-world signals may not be sinusoidal, Fourier theory represents any periodic signal as a sum of sines and cosines at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, known as a Fourier series. An example shows sketching the frequency domain representation of a sawtooth wave up to the fifth harmonic.

Uploaded by

DJ Amora
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal Representations

Intended Learning Outcome


Sketch the frequency domain equivalent of a given time domain wave
using Fourier Series

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Signal Representations

1. Time-Domain representation:
❏ graph: time vs (voltage or power)
❏ oscilloscope displays signals in time-domain

2. Frequency Domain Representation:


❏ graph: frequency vs (voltage or power)
❏ spectrum analyzer displays signals in time-
domain
Example
Sketch the given in frequency domain

Solution:
amplitude = 2V
frequency = 440Hz
Why transform to frequency domain?

.For communication engineers, the primary interest is what portion of the


frequency spectrum does the signal occupy and how strong is the signal
(magnitude);

Part of the benefit of a frequency domain representation is that certain signal attributes,
like bandwidth is visualized.

Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal.


It
Important to Note
Working Example:

1. phase offset (if present) is not part of the frequency plot,,


2. a sine or cosine with the same amplitude (positive or negative) and any phase offset
have the same frequency plot.
Fourier Theory
❏ In the real world, not all information signals are sinusoidal.
❏ Information signals can take on an infinite number of shapes, including rectangular waves
(i.e., digital pulses), triangular waves, sawtooth waves, and other nonsinusoidal forms.
❏ Any well-behaved periodic waveform can be represented as a series of sine and/or cosine
waves at multiples of its fundamental frequency plus (sometimes) a dc offset. This is known
as a Fourier series.
Example
Find the Fourier series for the signal in Figure and sketch its
frequency domain equivalent to the fifth harmonics

Solution: The given is sawtooth positive going (slide number 11)

V = 5; T (period) = 1 ms;
fo= 1/T = 1kHz
Some waveforms have no dc components

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