SCIENCE

AS STUDY
THE
OF
SOCIETY
Angerica U. Tamayo
Teacher II
 Who is the Father of the ff.
disciplines?
• History
• Linguistic
• Anthropology
• Psychology
• Sociology
• Political Science
• Linguistic
• Geography
• EDWARD BRUNETT TAYLOR (1832-1917)
• First to hold the chair in the subject at Oxford
University in the UK in 1896
• Coined the term “culture”
• Wrote researches into the early History of
Mankind and the Development of Civilization
published in 1865.

ANTHROPOLOGY
• Traces its roots from natural history which is the study
of plants, animals and human with reference to their
history and native environment
• It was only in the 19th century that the discipline began its
formative years as a Social Science, though since the
ancient times, there were already many illustration,
chronicles and travelogues containing descriptions of
human culture and civilizations.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• ADAM SMITH
• Founder of Classical School
• Constructed an explanation on how social behavior is
regulated
• Saw a world where each person sought their own self-
interest but was constrained by morality, markets and
government.
• Wrote “Wealth of the Nations” in 1776.

ECONOMICS
 HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• It was not considered a separate discipline until the nineteenth
century.
• Greeks examined wealth accumulation and inquiries on whether
property should be in the hands of private or public institutions.
• In medieval times, scholars argued that it was a moral obligation
of businesses to sell goods at just price.
• Economic thought evolved through feudalism in the Middle
Ages to mercantilist theory in the renaissance, when people were
people concerned to orient trade policy to further the national
interest.
• Changes in economic thought have always accompanied changes
in the economy, just as changes in economic thought can propel
change in economic policy.
GEOGRAPHY

• ERASTOSTHENES
• Greek Biographer
• Became chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria
• Accepted the concept that the earth is round and calculated
its circumference to within 0.5 percent accuracy.
• Described the known areas of the world and divided the
earth into five climatic regions.
• Prepared the earliest maps of the world known
• It is an ancient and honorable field of learning with
its roots firmly set in classical antiquity
• People engaged in the study of geography because it
satisfies their natural curiosity about foreign places
and different ways of life.
• The Ancient Greeks made the first contribution to the
subject through measuring the earth using grids and
meridians.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• HERODOTUS
• Greek Historian
• Treated historical subjects as a
method of investigation
• Collected historical materials
systematically an critically
and arranged them into a
historiographical narrative
• Wrote “Histories” which is the
record of ancient traditions
and culture of Greece, Asia,
Africa

HISTORY
• Influences of Ancient Greeks have helped spawn variant
interpretations of the nature of history which have
evolved over the centuries and continue to change today.
• The groundwork for professional historiography in East
Asia was established by the Han Dynasty
• Through the Medieval and Renaissance periods,
History was often studied through a sacred or religious
perspective.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• In the West, historians developed modern methods of
historiography in the 17th century and 18 cent. especially in
France and Germany
• In the 20th century, academic historians focused less on epic
nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the
nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses
of social intellectual forces.
• Recently, the field of digital history has began to address ways
of using computer technology to pose new questions to
historical data and generate digital scholarships.
• FERDINAND DE SAUSSERRE
• Swiss Linguist
• Posited that linguistic form is
arbitrary and therefore that all
languages function in a
similar fashion
• Published “Memoire sur le
systeme primitif des voyelles dans
les langues indo-europeenes”

LINGUISTICS
• It was the Old babylon who first created linguistics text
called Summerian
• Hindus also created text called Vedas
• The formal study of language began in India
• It started with the formulation of 3,359 rules of
Sanskrit morphology
• Early interest in language in the West was a part of
Philosophy, not a grammatical description.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• ARISTOTLE
• Political Scientist
• Laid down the foundation of governance
and leadership
• His contribution to the discourse had
brought various philosophers to argue that
politics is not just about the structure of a
state but also about civility, order and
organization in a state
• He said “man by nature is political
animal”
• He wrote “The Politics”

POLITICAL
• It was once part of the many related fields of the study
like history, philosophy, law and economics
• The theoretical and practical study of the state and the
politics began way back to the time of the Ancient Greeks,
about 500- 300 BC
• During the ancient times, men had formed basic social
linkages, inherently persuaded by the needs to associate
themselves to protect their survival and interests
• Families came to organize collective unions from simple
bands to more organized associations forming a village whose
membership span to more than a hundred that n the process
ushered the birth of a city.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• The chieftain who headed s village was chosen from the ranks
of the leaders with the power to make laws, judge and
execute laws
• The chiefdom became a state
• WILHELM WUNDTH
• GERMAN PSYCHOLOGIST
• Opened the institute for Experimental
Psychology at the University of Leipzig
in Germany in 1879
• Argued that conscious mental could be
scientifically studied using introspection
• Separated Psychology and Physiology by
analyzing the workings of the mind in a
more structured way with the emphasis
being on objective measurement and
control

PSYCHOLOGY
• Trained Psychology students to make observations that were
biased by personal interpretation or previous experience
and used the results to developed a theory of conscious
thought
• Wrote “Principles of Physiological Psyhology”
• It has its roots in Ancient Greek philosophy such
as epistemology, metaphysics, religion and oriental
philosophy
• It seeds were sown from natural sciences such as
biology and physiology
• Over the centuries, psychology and physiology became
increasingly separated resulting to the two conceptions
of psychology that is phenomenological (experiential)
and mechanistic (physiological)

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
• AUGUSTE COMTE
• French Sociologist
• Coined the term “Sociology”
• Advocated he application of scientific method to
social life and positivism
• Wrote “Cours de Philosophie Positive with 6 volumes in
1830-1840

SOCIOLOGY AND
DEMOGRAPHY
• The intellectual, scientific, and industrial
revolutions which happened in Europe in the
middle of the 19th century led to the development of
Sociology
• The intellectual revolution opened new perspectives in
society which offered the people new principles,
ideals and beliefs changing their outlook in life and
the way they perceived themselves, their environment
and relations with fellow men.

HISTORICAL
BACKGROUNDS
• The scientific revolution empowered men to
overcome their natural limitations and improve
society
• The industrial revolution led to rapid progress and
economic stimulus
• The revolution in Europe brought rapid and radical
changes which resulted to social problems, issues, and
social unrest, prompting some individuals to direct
their attention and investigation of social phenomena.

end