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Production Engineering

The document discusses gas lift systems used in oil production. It describes how reservoir pressure drives oil flow and how artificial lift systems like gas lift are used when reservoir pressure declines. It focuses on the gas lift system, outlining the concepts and factors involved in gas lift design, installation, operation, surveillance, evaluation and optimization. Key aspects covered include reservoir inflow performance, well outflow performance, gas lift valve selection and installation depth, pressure monitoring, well unloading procedures, and troubleshooting common issues.

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Raed fouad
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93 views51 pages

Production Engineering

The document discusses gas lift systems used in oil production. It describes how reservoir pressure drives oil flow and how artificial lift systems like gas lift are used when reservoir pressure declines. It focuses on the gas lift system, outlining the concepts and factors involved in gas lift design, installation, operation, surveillance, evaluation and optimization. Key aspects covered include reservoir inflow performance, well outflow performance, gas lift valve selection and installation depth, pressure monitoring, well unloading procedures, and troubleshooting common issues.

Uploaded by

Raed fouad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Basic Principles of Oil Production


 Reservoir Pressure and Flowing Pressure

 Reservoir Energy (Source of Energy)

 Reservoir Drive Mechanism


Strong Waterdrive

Partial Waterdrive

Depletion
Factors That Affect Oil Production

 Amount Of Gas

 Water Associated With Oil

 Reservoir Properties

 Producing Pipe Size


Size and Length of Flowline

Natural Flow and Artificial Lift


Artificial Lift

 Types of Artificial Lift Systems


Pumping

Gas Lift

 Choosing Artificial Lift system


Gas Lift System

Types of Gas Lift


 Continuous Flow

 Intermittent Flow
Low Reservoir Pressure

Low Producing Rate


Advantages of Gas Lift System

 Low Cost

 Design to Lift Different Rate

 Injection and Producing Rate Controlled at Surface

 Sand Production Doesn’t Affect G.L. Equipment

 Not Affected by Wellbore Deviation

 Operating Costs are Relatively Low

 Gas Compressor Easily Inspected and Maintained


Limitation Of Gas Lift System

 Gas Availability

 Source of High Pressure Gas

 Treat or Dry the Gas Before use


Gas Lift Concept

 Density Reduction

 Reducing Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure

 Improving The Gas To Liquid Ratio

 Increasing The Mixture Velocity

 Changing Flow Regime


(Vapor-Liquid Distribution)

 Reducing Liquid Holdup

 Reducing Wellhead Pressure


Reservoir Draw Down

 Liquid Production Rate

 Reservoir Pressure

 Flowing Bottom Hole Pressure

 Productivity Index

 Inflow Performance Relation Ship

 Optimization
Unloading

 Unloading Procedure

 Valves in Opening Condition

 Valves in Closing Condition

 Factors Can Prevent Deep Injection


Steady State Production

 Steady State Pressure Gradient

 Gas Lift Fluid Pressure Gradient

 Formation Fluid Pressure Gradient


 Injection Gas Pressure Gradient
Inflow Performance

Reservoir Deliverability
 Saturated and Under saturated
Reservoir
 Bubble Point Pressure
Darcy IPR Curve
Applied when the well is flowing above Bubble Point Pressure

Equation for Productivity Index

Factors That Affect Productivity


Permeability

Viscosity

Oil Volume Factor

Net Height

Skin
Vogel IPR Curve

Applied when the well is flowing at pressure below B. Pt

Equation for Productivity Index


Maximum Rate Qm (Absolute)
Pr = Pb
Fitkovitch IPR Curve

Applies for:
Gravel Packed Well

Partial Perforation of a High KH Reservoir

Excessive Formation Damage


Fitkovitch IPR Curve, Continue

Equation
Multiple Rate Well Tests

Use Log-Log Plot

Obtain n (1/slope)
Inflow Performance Prediction

 Effect of Reservoir Drive


Mechanism

 Above Bubble Point

 Below Bubble Point


Outflow Performance

Flow Line plus Vertical Pressure Loss


Losses in Flow Line

Losses in Vertical (Deviated) String

Obtain Measured Flowing Pressure


Factors That Affect Outflow
Performance
 Fluid Characteristics

 Well Configuration

 Wellhead Back Pressure

 Pipe Roughness
 Fluid Velocity
Outflow Correlation

 Duns and Ros


(Large diameter tubing, high GLR, low & mist flow
rates)

 Orkiszewski
(Slug flow, moderate liquid volume fractions)

 Griffith and Wallis

(High liquid volume , low GLR)


Outflow Correlation, Continue

 Beggs and Brill


(Small diameter from 1 to 1.5 in)

 Hagedorn and Brown


Provides the best prediction for wellbore
simulation

H&B, Duns and Ros best for offshore deviated wells


Reservoir Match

 Obtain IPR (Inflow)


 Obtain Outflow (Correlation)

 Test Point

 Match P.I.
 Intersection Point
Outflow Performance

 Gilbert’s Curves

 Stability of Flow
Different Depth of Gas Injection

 Pressure Gradient

 Kick-off Pressure

 Well Completion
Outflow Performance Prediction

 Deliverability vs Injection-depth

 Deliverability vs IGLR

 Water Cut % effect

 Well Completion
 Well Head Pressure
Gas Lift Equipment

Gas Lift Valves


Bellows

Stem

Seat (Port)

Check Valve

V-Packing
Types of Gas Lift Valves

 Tubing Flow

 Annular Flow

 Continuous Flow

 Intermittent Lift
Checks, Latches & Mandrels

Checks (Check Valve)


To prevent back flow from tubing and fill-in the
casing annulus

Latches
Screw to the top of the valve provides the neck for
wireline tool engagement

Mandrels (Side Pocket)


Valves Mechanism

 Closing Force

 Opening Force

 Test Rack Opening Pressure


 Gas Passage
Installation and Removal

 Wireline Procedure

 Running and Pulling


Gas Lift Design

Continuous Flow Design


Pressure Gradient

Injection Gas Gradient

Water Gradient

Spacing

Temperature
Valve Selection (Type & Port Size)

Wiskey Valves
Gas Lift Design

Continuous Flow Design, Continue


High & Low Rate Wells

Injection Gas Requirement

Corrected Temperature Profile

Flowing Survey

Orifice & Dummy Valves


Continuous Flow G.L. Redesign

 Gas Injection Pressure

 Temperature Survey

 Gas Volume

 Production Decline
Design of Intermittent Lift Installation

Fallback Method
 Spacing Factor Gradient (Unloading Gradient)

 Function of Production Rate and Tubing Size

 Gas Pressure Gradient

 Valve Closing Pressure Gradient

 Temperature Correction

 Decrease Set Pressure of Bottom Valve 25-30 psi


(Flagging the bottom valve)
Design of Intermittent Lift Installation

Percent Load Method


 Gas Pressure Gradient
 Percent Load Line (60% of Gas Pressure)
 Pbt (Nitrogen Charged Valve)
 Psp (Spring Loaded Valve)
 Pvo (Valve Opening Pressure in Tester)

 Decrease Set Pressure of Bottom Valve 25-30 psi


(Flagging the bottom valve)
Design of Intermittent Lift Installation

Fluid Operating Valve


 Actual Flowing Pressure Gradient

 Use of Dummy Valves

 Pressure and Production Decline


Dual Gas Lift Installation

 Both tubing strings take gas from the same gas


source

 System allow extra gas to go in one side than


other. Results in one or both zones producing at
less than optimum

 Use injection pressure-operated in one side and


production pressure operated in the other
Two Pen Chart Pressure Recordings

 Reflect Both Surface and Subsurface


Conditions

 Record Valves Open, Gas Entry Stops

 Unloading Procedure

 Evaluate Intermittent System

 Calculate Gas Volume


Gas Lift System Evaluation

 Pressure & Temperature


Flowing Gradient

 Procedure
 Objective
Gas Lift Survey Procedure

 Stop at Surface (Get WHP, WHT)

 Get Gas Lift and Formation Gradient

 Stop above and below Mandrels

 Stop at Mid Point of Perforation


Gas Lift Survey Objective
 Get Point of Gas Injection

 Determine Possibility of Deeper POI


 Get Valves Leak (Gas passes at more than one point)

 Mandrels Plugging Condition

 Gas Injection Optimization

 Gas Lift Design Evaluation

 Select the Type of G.L. System


Unloading The Well

 Use Unloading Chart

 Check and Adjust Chokes and Valves at Surface

 Control Lift Gas into the Well

 Increase Lift Gas Until gas Passes into the


Valves

 Monitor (From Chart) Wellhead and Gas Pressure


Responce
Recommended Practices Prior To Unloading

 Clean the well of mud prior to running G.L.


Valves to avoid damage

 Reverse circulation should not be used (Injection


gas pressure operated valves)

 Clean injection gas line before connected to the


well

 Check separator capacity, stock tank liquid


valves and connections at wellhead
Tubing and Casing Pressure Records

 Increased flowing production pressure indicates


increase in separator back pressure and volume
of injection gas

 Decreased production pressure indicates drop in


supply gas pressure or volume

 Detected the changing in operating valves

 Indicated hole in tubing or bad G.L. Valves

 Indicated excessive gas usage


Trouble Shooting
Basic Information should be obtained
Two Pen Chart

Production Rate (Water, Oil & Gas)

Injection Gas per Day, IGLR

Number of Cycles per Day

Injection Gas Pressure

Variations of Casing and Tubing Pressure

Point of Gas Injection

Static and Flowing B.H. Pressure

Pressure and Temperature Gradient


Trouble Shooting

Analysis of problems gas lift wells

New Wells

Old Wells
Trouble Shooting

Common Malfunctions of G.L. System

Malfunction

Cause

Cure
Gas Pressure Loss

Separator To Compressor
Gas Rate

Upstream & Down Stream Pressure

Pipe Length

Pipe Inside Diameter


Gas Pressure Loss

Compressor To Well
Operating at Higher Pressure

Gas Friction Loss is Low


Gas Pressure Loss

Wellbore Losses
Density of the Gas (Specific Gravity)

Obtain Gas Gradient

Surface Injection-Gas Pressure


Production Optimization

 Optimum Injection Gas

 Maximum Production Rate


Production Optimization, Continue

 Using Surface Gas Choke


 Subsurface Information (D.D. Calculation)

 Inflow & Outflow Relation Ship

 Optimization Curve

Injection Gas vs Oil Rate

Incremental IGOR vs Oil Rate

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