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Module01 Wk02a Classes

Python classes allow for object-oriented programming. A class defines attributes and methods that describe objects of that class. Classes can inherit from other classes, allowing code reuse through inheritance. Methods can be overloaded to customize operator behavior. Classes provide a way to encapsulate data and behavior into reusable objects.

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28 views14 pages

Module01 Wk02a Classes

Python classes allow for object-oriented programming. A class defines attributes and methods that describe objects of that class. Classes can inherit from other classes, allowing code reuse through inheritance. Methods can be overloaded to customize operator behavior. Classes provide a way to encapsulate data and behavior into reusable objects.

Uploaded by

prashant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Python Programming – Class

Networking for Software Developer


Narendra Pershad
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Agenda
• What is a class?

• Anatomy of a class
• Different members of a class

• How to use a use class

• Advanced class concepts:


• overloading

• Inheritance

• DataClass

• This will not be a formal treatment of OOP but to link your knowledge of OOP with python.
What is a class?

• A piece of self-contained software having the following:

• Attribute or Properties (this corresponds to C# fields)

• Constructor

• Methods (these are functions that lives in a class)

• All members are public by default.


• A member prefix with __ regarded as private
• A member prefix with _ regarded as protected
• Class members
Why classes?
• Helps in software development
• An application can be modeled as a tasks are decomposed into smaller ones
• Smaller tasks are easier to
• Implement

• Troubleshoot

• Debug

• Use

• To chain to achieve more involved interaction

• Coder can concentrate on a smaller part of the solution


• Can clearly understand the purpose of each unit (method)
• Can define clear inputs and outputs

• Functions should have a single responsibility


class Person:
"""
This is a python class.
"""

_id = 100000 #class variable

def __init__(self, name): #constructor of any class is __init__


"""
Initializes an object of this class.
"""
self.name = name #define a python property name
self.id = Person._id #assigs a unique value to the attribute
Person._id += 1 #increments the class variable class

a = Person( 'Narendra' ) #notice the absence of the new keyword


print(a) #<__main__.Person object at 0x102f2b2e8>
#later we will learn how to change this
Operator overloading
• Object by default does not have logic for comparison operator
• The default behavior for the == is not the preferred one
• For mathematical object the arithmetic operators are important

• The following operator can be overloaded:


• Comparision:
==, !=, >, <, <=, >=

• Mathematical:
+, -, *, /, //, %, **

• Assignment:
-=, +=, *=, /=, //=, **=

• Unary:
-, +, ~

• Another behavior that you might want to modify is when an object in printed
• This is can be done be defining a method of the form
__str__(self):
def __str__(self):
"""
Return a string representation of this object.
"""
return f'{self.id}: {self.name}'

def __eq__(self, other):


"""
Overrides the == operator.
"""
return self.name == other.name

a = Person('Narendra') #instantiate a object


print(a) #100000: Narendra
b = Person('Narendra') #instantiate another object
print(f'{a} {"=" if a==b else "!="} {b}') #100000: Narendra = 100001: Narendra
Adding and removing attributes from objects
>>> a = Person('Narendra') #instantiate a object

>>> print(a) # [3, 4i]


>>> a.title = 'Professor' #adds an attribute to a (this is not possible in c#)

>>> print(a) # [3, 4i]


>>> print(a.title) #Professor

>>> del(a.title) #remove an attribute from a


>>> a.title #AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'title'

>>> del(a) #remove a (again not possible in C#)


>>> a #NameError: name 'a' is not defined
Inheritance

• Inheritance allows you to use logic from another class

• Python support multiple inheritance

• C# only support single inheritance

• Inheritance is transitive

• If A is the parent of B and B is the parent of C, then A is also the parent of C


class Person:
def __init__(self, name): #constructor of the Person class
self.name = name #define a python attribute name

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, program):
Person.__init__(self, name) #calls the parent constructor
super().__init__( name ) #this is equivalent to the line above
self.program = program #define its own attribute

def __str__(self):
return f'{self.name} is enrolled in {self.program}'
class Person:
d it
def __init__(self, name): an
ated
self.name = name p lic e.
co m urs
e is is co
a c
n n th
i t
class Employee:
h er red i
def __init__(self, department): le in ove
lti p e c
M u l n ot b
self.department = department
wil

class Faculty(Person, Employee):


def __init__(self, name, department, salary):
Person.__init__(self, name) #calls the person constructor
Employee.__init__(self, department) #calls the employee constructor
self.salary = salary #define its own attribute
Abstract class
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Moveable(ABC):
'''
Move method is declare abstract,
so the entire class will be abstract
'''
@abstractmethod
def move(self):
pass

>>> a = Moveable()
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Moveable with abstract methods move
Summary

• Classes is a core feature of OOP

• Classes may have class variables, methods, as well as instance variables and methods.

• You are allowed to overload operators

• Like javascript and unlike C# you can add and remove attributes (both variables and methods)
dynamically to an object.

• Python supports the questionable multiple inheritance

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