Climate Change

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CLIMATE CHANGE

Stoian Stefania

7th grade
Glacier
Glaciers are a valuable resource for tracking climate change over long periods of time because they
can be hundreds of thousands of years old. To study the patterns over time through glaciers, ice cores
are taken, providing continuous information including evidence for climate change, trapped in the ice
for scientists to break down and study. Glaciers are studied to give information about the history of
climate change due to natural or human causes. Human activity has caused an increase in greenhouse
gases creating a global warming trend, causing these valuable glaciers to melt. Glaciers have an albedo
effect and the melting of glaciers means less albedo. In the Alps the summer of 2003 was compared to
the summer of 1988. Between 1998 and 2003 the albedo value is 0.2 lower in 2003. When glaciers
begin to melt, they also cause a rise in sea level, "which in turn increases coastal erosion and elevates
storm surge as warming air and ocean temperatures create more frequent and intense coastal storms
like hurricanes and typhoons." Thus, human causes to climate change creates a positive feedback loop
with the glaciers: The rise in temperature causes more glacier melt, leading to less albedo, higher sea
levels and many other climate issues to follow. From 1972 all the way up to 2019 NASA has used a
Landsat satellite that has been used to record glaciers in Alaska, Greenland and Antarctica. This
Landsat project has found that since around 2000, glacier retreat has increased substantially.
Impacts
Nature and wildlife
Recent warming has driven many terrestrial and freshwater species poleward and towards higher altitudes.
Higher atmospheric CO2 levels and an extended growing season have resulted in global greening.
However, heatwaves and drought have reduced ecosystem productivity in some regions. The future
balance of these opposing effects is unclear.Climate change has contributed to the expansion of drier
climate zones, such as the expansion of deserts in the subtropics.The size and speed of global warming is
making abrupt changes in ecosystems more likely. Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in
the extinction of many species.
The oceans have heated more slowly than the land, but plants and animals in the ocean have migrated
towards the colder poles faster than species on land.Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more
frequently due to climate change, harming a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and
seabirds.Ocean acidification makes it harder for organisms such as mussels, barnacles and corals to
produce shells and skeletons; and heatwaves have bleached coral reefs.Harmful algal blooms enhanced by
climate change and eutrophication lower oxygen levels, disrupt food webs and cause great loss of marine
life.Coastal ecosystems are under particular stress. Almost half of global wetlands have disappeared due to
climate change and other human impacts.
Humans & Food and health Climate change is affecting food security. It
The effects of climate change are has caused reduction in global yields of
impacting humans everywhere in the maize, wheat, and soybeans between 1981
world. Impacts can now be observed on and 2010.Future warming could further
reduce global yields of major crops. Crop
all continents and ocean regions,with production will probably be negatively
low-latitude, less developed areas affected in low-latitude countries, while
facing the greatest risk.Continued effects at northern latitudes may be positive
warming has potentially “severe, or negative.Up to an additional 183 million
pervasive and irreversible impacts” for people worldwide, particularly those with
people and ecosystems. The risks are lower incomes, are at risk of hunger as a
unevenly distributed, but are generally consequence of these impacts. Climate
greater for disadvantaged people in change also impacts fish populations.
developing and developed countries. Globally, less will be available to be fished.
Regions dependent on glacier water, regions
that are already dry, and small islands have a
higher risk of water stress due to climate
change.
Agriculture and industry
Agriculture and forestry face a triple challenge of limiting greenhouse gas emissions,
preventing the further conversion of forests to agricultural land, and meeting increases in
world food demand. A set of actions could reduce agriculture and forestry-based
emissions by two thirds from 2010 levels. These include reducing growth in demand for
food and other agricultural products, increasing land productivity, protecting and
restoring forests, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production.

On the demand side, a key component of reducing emissions is shifting people towards
plant-based diets. Eliminating the production of livestock for meat and dairy would
eliminate about 3/4ths of all emissions from agriculture and other land use.Livestock also
occupy 37% of ice-free land area on Earth and consume feed from the 12% of land area
used for crops, driving deforestation and land degradation.

Steel and cement production are responsible for about 13% of industrial CO2 emissions.
In these industries, carbon-intensive materials such as coke and lime play an integral role
in the production, so that reducing CO2 emissions requires research into alternative
chemistries
Terminology
Before the 1980s, when it was unclear whether the warming effect of increased
greenhouse gases were stronger than the cooling effect of airborne particulates in air
pollution, scientists used the term inadvertent climate modification to refer to human
impacts on the climate.
In the 1980s, the terms global warming and climate change became more common.
Though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably,scientifically, global warming
refers only to increased surface warming, and climate change describes the full effect of
greenhouse gases on Earth's climate system. Global warming—used as early as 1975—
became the more popular term after NASA climate scientist James Hansen used it in
his 1988 testimony in the U.S. Senate. Since the 2000s, climate change has increased
in usage.Climate change can also refer more broadly to both human-caused changes or
natural changes throughout Earth's history.

Various scientists, politicians and media now use the terms climate crisis or climate
emergency to talk about climate change, and global heating instead of global warming.
SO PLEASE, SAVE THE PLANET!!

Thanks for watching!!!!

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