1.

COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION
Content

 1.1 Turing model

 1.2 Von Neumann model
 1.3 Computer generations
 1.4 Subsystems and the role of subsystems
 1.5 Central Processing Unit
 1.6 Memory: main memory and cache memory
 1.7 Input/Output subsystems
 1.8 Different architectures

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Objectives

After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:

 Define the Turing model of a computer.
 Define the von Neumann model of a computer.
 Describe the three components of a computer: hardware, data, and software.
 List topics related to computer hardware.
 List topics related to data.
 List topics related to software.
 Give a short history of computers.

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7 - INPUT/OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

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Introduction

 The input/output (I/O) subsystem in a computer is the collection of devices.

 This subsystem allows a computer to communicate with the outside world and
to store programs and data even when the power is off.

 Input/output devices can be divided into two broad categories: non-storage and
storage devices.

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Non-storage & Storage devices

Input/output (I/O) subsystem

1. Non storage devices allow the 2. Storage devices, although classified as I/O devices, can store
CPU/memory to communicate with the large amounts of information to be retrieved at a later time.
outside world, but they cannot store - Their contents are nonvolatile—that is, not erased when the
information. power is turned off.
- They are sometimes referred to as auxiliary storage devices

- Keyboard and monitor - Magnetic storage devices

- Printer - Optical storage devices

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Non-storage

1. Non storage devices

Keyboard and monitor Printer

- The keyboard provides input - A printer is an output device that creates a

- The monitor displays output and at the same time permanent record
echoes input typed on the keyboard. - The printed material cannot be directly entered
- The characters are encoded using a code such as into a computer again unless someone retypes or
ASCII scans it.
- Other devices that fall in this category are mice,
joysticks, and so on.

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Storage devices

2. Storage devices

2.1 Magnetic storage devices 2.2 Optical storage devices

- Magnetic storage devices use magnetization to store - Optical storage devices, a relatively recent
bits of data. technology, use laser light to store and retrieve data.
- If a location is magnetized, it represents 1, if not - The use of optical storage technology followed the
magnetized, it represents 0. invention of the compact disk (CD) used to store
- Devices that use this technology include Magnetic audio information.
disks, Magnetic tape - Devices that use this technology include CD-
ROMs, CD-Rs, CD-RWs, and DVDs.

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Optical storage devices-Magnetic storage devices

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 Magnetic storage devices

1. Magnetic disks
 Surface organization.
• To organize data stored on the disk, each
surface is divided into tracks, and each
track is divided into sectors.
• The tracks are separated by an
intertrack gap, and the sectors are
separated by an intersector gap.
Figure 5.6 A magnetic disk

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 Magnetic storage devices

1. Magnetic disks
 Data access
 Performance
• A magnetic disk is considered a random access device.
• The performance of a disk depends on several factors, the
• In a random access device, a data item can be accessed
most important being the rotational speed, the seek time,
randomly without the need to access all other data items
and the transfer time.
located before it.
• The rotational speed defines how fast the disk is spinning.
• However, the smallest storage area that can be accessed at
• The seek time defines the time to move the read/write head
one time is a sector. A block of data can be stored in one or
to the desired track where the data is stored.
more sectors and retrieved without the need to retrieve the
• The transfer time defines the time to move data from the
rest of the information on the disk.
disk to the CPU/memory.

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Magnetic storage devices

2. Magnetic tape

Figure 5.7 Magnetic tape

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Magnetic storage devices
2 Magnetic tape
 Surface organization.
• The width of the tape is divided into nine tracks, each location on a track storing 1 bit of information.
• Nine vertical locations can store 8 bits of information related to a byte plus a bit for error detection
(Figure 5.7).
 Data access.
• A magnetic tape is considered a sequential access device.
• Although the surface may be divided into blocks, there is no addressing mechanism to access each
block.
• To retrieve a specific block on the tape, we need to pass through all the previous blocks.
 Performance.
• Although magnetic tape is slower than a magnetic disk, it is cheaper. Today, people use magnetic tape
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to back up large amounts of data.
 Optical storage devices

Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM)

1. Creation.
a. A master disk is created using a high-power
infrared laser that creates bit patterns on coated
plastic. The laser translates the bit patterns into a
sequence of pits (holes) and lands (no holes). The
pits usually represent 0s and the lands usually
represent 1s. Other schemes use a transition (pit to
land or land to pit) to represent 1, and a lack of
transition to represent 0.

Figure 5.8 Creation and use of CD-ROMs

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 Optical storage devices

Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM)

1. Creation.

b. From the master disk, a mold is made. In the

mold, the pits (holes) are replaced by bumps.
c. Molten polycarbonate resin is injected into the
mold to produce the same pits as the master disk. A
very thin layer of aluminum is added to the
polycarbonate to provide a reflective surface. On
top of this, a protective layer of lacquer is applied
and a label is added. Only this last step needs to be
repeated for each disk. Figure 5.8 Creation and use of CD-ROMs
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 Optical storage devices

Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM)

2. Reading.
 The CD-ROM is read using a low-power
laser beam. The beam is reflected by the
aluminum surface when passing through a
land. It is reflected twice when it encounters a
pit, once by the pit boundary and once by the
aluminum boundary.
 The two reflections have a destructive effect,
because the depth of the pit is chosen to be
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exactly
 Optical storage devices

Compact disk recordable (CD-R) Compact disk rewritable (CD-RW)

 Format allows users to create one or more disks without  Although CD-Rs have become very popular, they can

going through the expense involved in creating CD- be written to only once.
 To overwrite materials, a new technology allows a
ROMs.
It is particularly useful for making backups. new type of disk called compact disk rewritable

 You can write once to CD-R disks, but they can be read (CD-RW). It is sometimes called an erasable optical

many times. disk.

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 Optical storage devices

Digital versatile disk (DVD)

 The industry has felt the need for digital storage media with even higher capacity.

It uses a technology similar to CD-ROM, but with the following

differences:
a. The pits are smaller: 0.4 microns in diameter instead of the 0.8
microns used in CDs.
b. The tracks are closer to each other.
c. The beam is a red laser instead of infrared.
Table 1.6.2 DVD capacities
d. DVDs use one to two recording layers, and can be single-sided or
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double-sided
Storage devices (Magnetic or Optical)

HDD disk SSD disk

Figure 1.26 Storage devices

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SSD – HDD

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