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State Variables

State space analysis is an excellent method for analyzing and designing control systems that overcomes many of the drawbacks of traditional transfer function methods. It can be applied to nonlinear, time-invariant, and multiple-input multiple-output systems, and provides insight into the internal states of the system. Controllability and observability of state space models can be determined using methods like Gilbert's method, which involves analyzing the system matrix and input matrix to determine if states can be controlled or observed. State space models can be transformed and realized in different forms like controllable canonical form, observable canonical form, or parallel forms.

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Tarika Saij
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59 views

State Variables

State space analysis is an excellent method for analyzing and designing control systems that overcomes many of the drawbacks of traditional transfer function methods. It can be applied to nonlinear, time-invariant, and multiple-input multiple-output systems, and provides insight into the internal states of the system. Controllability and observability of state space models can be determined using methods like Gilbert's method, which involves analyzing the system matrix and input matrix to determine if states can be controlled or observed. State space models can be transformed and realized in different forms like controllable canonical form, observable canonical form, or parallel forms.

Uploaded by

Tarika Saij
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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State variable/space Analysis

UNIT-V
State space analysis
 State space analysis is an excellent method for the
design and analysis of control systems. The
conventional and old method for the design and
analysis of control systems is the transfer function
method. The transfer function method for design and
analysis had many drawbacks.

 Advantages of state variable analysis.


  It can be applied to non linear system.
  It can be applied to tile invariant systems.
  It can be applied to multiple input multiple output
systems.
  Its gives idea about the internal state of the system.
Concept of state
Characteristic Equation, Eigen Values and Eigen vector

The Roots are called eigen values of Matrix A


Diagonalization
Controllability and observability
Gilberts method for controllability:
Gilbert’s method for checking controllability is done under
two cases.
1)When the eigen values of the system matrix are distinct.
 In this case the system matrix can be
diagonalized and can be converted to the
canonical form by giving a transformation
X=MZ. M is the modal matrix derived from the
system matrix and Z is the transformed state
variable matrix.
Consider a system with state model
X = AX + BU
Y = CX + DU
The model is transformed into the canonical
form as follows,

Z = ΛZ + B˜U
Y = C˜Z + DU
Where Λ= MA¯¹M,   B˜ = M¯¹B and C˜ = CM

The system is completely state controllable if


the matrix B does not have any row with all
zeros.
2) Eigen values of the system matrix are repeated.

In this situation it is impossible to diagonalize the system matrix


and it can be converted to Jordan canonical form.
Consider a system with state model represented by the equations
X = AX + BU
Y = CX + DU
The model is transformed into the Jordan canonical form as
follows,
Z = JZ + Β˜U
Y = C˜Z + DU
Where J = M A¯¹M,   B˜ = M¯¹B and C˜ = CM
The system will be completely state controllable if elements of
any row of B that correspond to the last row of each Jordan block
are not all zero and the rows corresponding to other state
variables must not have all zeros.
1. Using Signal flow graph
2. Direct decomposition
• It is also called parallel form of realization
• It uses partial form expansion of the function
State space representation of discrete time systems
Transfer function from state model

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