INTRODUCTION TO DNV PHAST

BY: NDIDIAMAKA OBIAMAIZU 8th October, 2020

Subsea System and Pipeline Lagos, Nigeria
 Outline

Risk Management

Phast Overview

Phast Modelling

Phast Demonstration

Verification and Validation

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 Objective
Safeguarding life, property and the
environment

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 Risk Assessment Software
Software allows more time for decision making and defining the
scope

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 What is Risk?

The possibility of loss, injury, or other

adverse or unwelcome circumstance

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 Risk Management

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 Introduction to Phast

 Phast is the most comprehensive process hazard analysis

software system for process safety management in all stages
of design and operation

 Phast (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool)

 Phast examines the progress of a potential incident
from the initial release to far-field dispersion analysis
including modelling of pool spreading and
evaporation, and flammable and toxic effects.
.
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 Objectives of Phast
 To identify various hazards in the plants, processes, storage and utility area
of the unit
 Assessing the various risks involved
 To consider the consequent impact on nearby areas, population etc in case of
any accidental emergency situation arising from the factory premises
 To evaluate and quantify the available measures and resources for containing
any eventuality
 To study and suggest safety and control measure

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 Benefits of the Phast
 Trustworthy process hazard analysis results
 Extensive reporting capability
 Wide applicability of the process hazard analysis tool
 Assess diverse hazards
 User-friendly software for process hazard analysis

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 Applications of Phast

Industries Typical applications

• Oil and gas • Dispersion analysis
• Insurance • Consequence analysis
• Petrochemical • Hazardous area classification
• Pharmaceutical • Site layout and optimization
• Power Plant • Fire risk analysis
• Academia • Occupied building risk analysis
• Transportation and storage • Offsite consequence analysis
• LNG • Emergency response planning
• Hydrogen • Facility siting
• CO2 • Escalation analysis
• Energy • Equipment design
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• Public sector (governmental and • Hazard estimation
regulatory bodies)
 Impact Calculations- Phast Workflow

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 Discharge

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 Dispersion: Near Field

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 Dispersion, Far Field

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 Dispersion, Different Ambient Conditions

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 Effects (Fire, Explosion, Toxic)

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 Consequence Analysis

Estimate of effects for chemical release:

Accidental
Designed

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 Consequence Analysis

Emphasis is placed on the following aspects of various types of releases of

a hazardous material
• Mass release rate of material
• Gas dispersion
• Liquid pools that are formed and evaporate
• Fire and Toxic effects

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 Steps in Consequence Analysis

Possible Flammable, Explosive and Toxic Effects from releases of Liquids

and/or Vapors are explored following the scheme:

Discharge Calculations

Dispersion Calculations

Flammable/Toxic
Effects
Calculations

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 Benefits of Consequence Analysis
 Lower Liability
 Preventing/Minimizing Damage
 Regulatory Compliance
 Environmental Awareness
 Quantitative Risk Analysis
 Added Benefit of Decrease in Downtime

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 Sources Of Chemical Release

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 Discharge Modelling
 Mass flow rate & Release
duration (continuous releases)
 Exit point conditions
 Atmospheric expansion

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 Gas Dispersion Modelling
 The Unified Dispersion Model (UDM) can model various types of clouds:
•Continuous
•Instantaneous
•Short Duration
•Time-varying
 UDM also predicts the full range of expected dispersion stages:
•Initial turbulent expanding jet
•Dense spreading and turbulent mixing
•Slumping dense phase
23 •Buoyant elevated phase

•Passive dispersion
 Toxic Modelling
 Toxic modelling
•Concentration based toxic effects
•Dose based toxic effects
•Probit method
•Dangerous dose method
 Toxic results:
•Lethality levels at different distances
•Toxic concentration and Dose as a
function of downwind distance
24 •Toxic lethality footprints
 Fire Modelling
 Four fires can be modelling in Phast:
•Fireball: Instantaneous releases and short duration continuous releases
•Jet Fire: Continuous releases
•Pool Fires: Delayed ignition of a pool of flammable liquid after rainout
•Flash Fires: Delayed ignition of a flammable vapour cloud
 Radiation Intensity (heat flux) can be calculated for fireball, jet fire and pool fire
•Flame size and geometry
•Radiation transect (radiation vs distance)
•Radiation ellipse
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•Radiation contours (for standalone models only)
 Explosion Modelling
 Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE)
•TNT Model
•TNO Multi-Energy model
•Baker Strehlow Tang model
 Boiling Liquid Expansion Vapour
Explosion (BLEVE)
•CCPS model
 Explosion results available:
•Explosion location, mass, and blast radius
•Overpressure vs. distance
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•Pulse duration vs. distance
•Impulse vs. distance
 Explosion Modelling
 Phast 3D Explosion extension (optional add-in) offers additional features
•Advanced Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE) modelling
• Multi-scenario hazard contouring (effects contouring)
• Detailed directional modelling

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 Important Features
 When you start PHAST running, the PHAST Window will open, as shown.

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 Important Features
Study Folder
A “Study Folder” is a file that contains the definition of
a collection of consequence modeling calculations
and you must open or create a Study Folder file
before you can perform any modeling work with
PHAST.

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Choosing the Example Study Folder
 Important Features
 To open a sample folder
file Open example Example PSU Open

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The PHAST Window with a Study Folder Open
 Viewing Input Data
Study Tree Pane
The Study Tree pane will open along the left side of the study folder window and
allows you to organize and edit the values that are used in the calculations. The
pane contains a number of tab sections, each of which covers a different type of
input data:
• Models Tab Section
• Weather Tab Section.
• Parameters Tab Section:
• Materials Tab Section
• Map Tab Section
Viewing Input Data
Describes how to open the dialogs for the input data and view the values that are
 Viewing Input Data
set for the Example Study Folder. Click on the “input data” then click “input” on
the tool bar and double click on the icon for the chlorine tank model.

Input Data for a Model

The Model Data dialog will
open, as shown in the
illustration on the next
page.
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 Building A Phast Model

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 Inserting a Map
 Phast can use:
– Raster Images: JPG, PNG, TIFF, etc.
– Vector Images: Vector Images: e.g. CAD
drawings, MicroStation, ArcView files, etc.
 It is not necessary to have a map to perform
an analysis in Phast, but it will be beneficial
in practice

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 Set Up Weathers
 Weathers are used during discharge,
dispersion and effects calculations
 Multiple weather conditions can be
used for calculations
 Weather inputs include Pasquill stability
class, wind speed, Ambient conditions,
etc

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 Insert Materials Or Create A Mixture
 Phast contains complete data for 66
pure components which are ready for
use in calculations
 DIPPR 801 database is built in Phast
which gives you access to 1600+
materials
 Mixtures can be created by mixing
pure components
 Phast can be used for fluid modelling,
not for solid

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 Insert Equipment
 The Asset Hierarchy has been designed to have a realistic feel.
(i.e. 1 Equipment with various possible failure scenarios under it)
 The Equipment and process conditions are defined once only
(e.g. material, inventory, pressure & temperature)
 Available Equipment:
– Pressure Vessel
– Atmospheric Storage Tank
– Long Pipeline
– Standalone
– Warehouse

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 Insert Scenarios
 Multiple scenarios can be created under each
equipment to represent different accidents
 Each scenario will take the process and equipment
data from the Equipment item in the asset hierarchy
and will only require the related data for the scenario
(e.g. hole size, pipe length, etc). This will save a lot of
time for users when building studies.
▪ Available Scenarios include:
– Instantaneous release
– Continuous releases (leak, line rupture, etc.)
– Pipeline Breach
38 – Liquid Spill
– Standalone fires & Explosions
– Warehouse Fires
 Running the Calculations
 You must run all of the calculations before you can view the results. To run
calculations. The Run Model(s) command processes all of the calculations, from
discharge through dispersion to flammable and toxic effects.
model tab – equipment – scenario (right click to select scenario) --“run”

If you have more than

one Study, you can check
the Study Folder to select
all Models in all Studies.

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 Running the Calculations

N/B-If you want to run the discharge calculations alone, without proceeding to the
dispersion and effects calculations, select the Run Discharge(s) command instead

Select the weather

that you want to see
the result, select the
model and click on
graph
Select the scenario
and click on finish
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 Running the Calculations
 A given scenario may have different graphs available

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 Running the Calculations

 The process of opening a GIS result field is almost identical to the process of
opening a graph field
Select weather--- GIS ---scenario ---finish

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 Viewing the Results
 Select scenario --- click on report ---- finish

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 Viewing the Results
 This normally contains different result tab sections

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 Extensive, Continuous Verification And Validation
 Verification and Validation documentation is published
 Recent world leading validation includes:
– UDM approval by USA DoT PHMSA for LNG siting applications
– CO2PIPETRANS JIP
– Droplet JIP
 LNG validation includes:
– DNV Marine LNG JIP
– Bureau of mines
– Burro
– Shell (Johnson)
– Montoir (Nedelka et al.)
– Reid and Wang
45 – Moorhouse and Carpenter
– Sandia
 Extensive, Continuous Verification And Validation

 Discharge validation:
– Sozzi and Sutherland, Uchida and Narai (water)
– Isle of Grain (Cowley and Tam, 1988; Webber et al., 1999)].
– Ecole des Mines, INERIS (water and butane)
– STEP (flashing propane jets)
– Von Karman Institute (flashing R134-A jets)
– CCPS experiments (flashing jets of water, CFC-11, chlorine,
cyclohexane, monomethylamine)
 Some of the Dispersion validation:
– Prairie Grass (continuous passive dispersion of sulphur dioxide)
– Desert Tortoise and FLADIS (continuous elevated 2-phase NH3 jet)
46 – EEC (continuous elevated two-phase propane jet)
– Goldfish (continuous elevated two-phase HF jet)
– Maplin Sands, Burro and Coyote (continuous evaporation of LNG from pool)
 Performing A Worst-case Analysis
 Perform a simple worst-case analysis for the Anysite chemical installation, to
determine whether releases on the site have the potential to reach populated
areas beyond the site boundary
Hazardous Materials
 There are four hazardous materials present on the site in significant quantities :

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 Performing A Worst-case Analysis
Storage Conditions
 The ethylene is stored under supercritical conditions, and the three other
materials are stored under saturation conditions. For the worst-case analysis,
the materials will be modeled at the maximum temperature experienced at the
facility over the last five years, which is 90°F (32°C). At this temperature, the
storage pressures for the materials are as follows:

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 Performing A Worst-case Analysis
Release Scenarios
 Different scenarios will be modeled for the toxic and the flammable materials,
since different types of release cause the worst long-range effects.
 For the two toxic materials, the release scenario will be a release of the entire
inventory over ten minutes, and for the two flammable materials, the scenario will
be an instantaneous release of the entire inventory.
 For toxic releases, the duration and concentration profile at the populated areas
are more important than the total mass in the cloud at any given time. A large
continuous release will give a greater duration of exposure than the equivalent
instantaneous release. It may also take longer to disperse to harmless
concentrations, since air is mixed into the cloud from the sides only, whereas air
49 is mixed into an instantaneous release across all exposed surfaces.

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 Performing A Worst-case Analysis
 For flammablereleases,thegreatesteffectdistancesareusuallyproducedby vapor
cloud explosions, and the size of these explosions depends on the flammable
mass in the cloud at the time of the explosion—which will be greater for an
instantaneous release than for a continuous release
Critical Effect Zones
 For the toxic materials, the calculations will obtain the dispersion distances to the
Emergency Response and Planning Guidelines (ERPG) Level 2 concentration,
which is the concentration that nearly all individuals can be exposed to for up to
an hour without experiencing any irreversible adverse health effects or symptoms
which could impair the ability to take protective action. For ammonia, this
concentration is set at 200 ppm, and for hydrogen cyanide, it is set at 10 ppm.

50 For the flammable materials the calculations will obtain the explosion distances to
an overpressure of 1 psig, which is an overpressure that may cause injuries as a.
 Performing A Worst-case Analysis
 result of minor structural damage ( eg broken windows) but is unlikely to cause
fatalities
Weather Conditions
 The calculations will use a windspeed of 5 ft/s (1.5 m/s) and an atmospheric
stability of F, which are common night-time conditions for the location. These
conditions give low levels of atmospheric turbulence, and the release may
travel long distances before being diluted to a harmless concentration.
 The average humidity for the location is 70%, which is typical for a temperate,
maritime location
 The calculations require a value for surface roughness, which is a measure of
the turbulence induced in the air as it moves over the ground, and will be set
conservatively to 0.06, a value for sea or for flat, treeless land. This assumes
that the wind is blowing towards the town, and that the surface conditions
upwind of the release determine the surface roughness.