RNA Protein Synthesis

RNA and Protein
Synthesis
The Function of DNA
 The DNA molecule
contains all of your
hereditary
information in the
form of genes.
 Genes are portions
of the DNA molecule
that code for the
production of
specific types of
proteins.
 However, DNA is
confined to the http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/genes.gif
nucleus, while
proteins are made by
ribosomes in the
Comparing DNA and RNA
 RNA is the nucleic acid
that acts as a messenger
between DNA and the
ribosomes.
 The RNA produced during
transcription is
structurally different from
DNA in 3 basic ways:
 1. The sugar in RNA is
ribose whereas the

sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose.
 2. RNA is single
stranded while DNA is
double stranded. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/85011519.JPG
The Role of RNA
 RNA molecules have many
functions, but in the
majority of cells, most RNA
molecules are involved in
protein synthesis.
 Protein synthesis is the
assembly of amino acids
into proteins.

Types of RNA
The RNA produced during transcription is modified into 3
basic types:
 1. messenger RNA (mRNA) copies one segment
(or gene)on one strand of DNA in the nucleus

and carries that information to the ribosome.
 2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up a large
part of the ribosome and is responsible for
reading and decoding mRNA.
 3. transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to
the ribosome where they are joined to form
proteins.
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/zencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T068340A.gif
Protein Synthesis
 During protein synthesis, genes
copied onto RNA are expressed by the
production of specific types of
proteins.
 Protein synthesis involves two
processes:
 1. Transcription – process in which a
RNA copy of a segment (gene) of

DNA is made.
 2. Translation – the decoding of
mRNA message into a polypeptide
chain (protein).
Transcription
Transcription occurs on the DNA in the
nucleus.
RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at a
promoter and separates the DNA
strands.
RNA Polymerase uses one strand of
DNA as a template to assemble
complementary nucleotides into a
strand of RNA.
Transcribed mRNA leaves the nucleus
and goes to the ribosome.
Transcription Practice
DNA: AACTGGTACGTA
mRNA: UUGACCAUGCAU
DNA: ATGTTCACTGGA
mRNA: UACAAGUGACCU
DNA: GTTCATGCATAT
mRNA: CAAGUACGUAUA
DNA: TGCCATCGATTC
mRNA: ACGGUAGCUAAG
DNA: CTGATGCTGATA
mRNA: GACUACGACUAU
Decoding mRNA
 The sequence of bases in an mRNA
molecule serves as instructions for the
order in which amino acids are joined to
produce a polypeptide.
 Ribosomes decode these instructions by
using codons, sets of 3 bases that each
code for one amino acid.
 Each codon is matched to an anticodon
on the tRNA to determine the order of the
amino acids.
http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/codon.gif
Translation-occurs in the cytoplasm at the
ribosomes.
 mRNA attaches to a ribosome
 Translation begins at AUG, the start
codon
 tRNA brings an amino acid to the
ribosome
 The tRNA binds to the mRNA by
matching its anticodon to the codon
the mRNA
 The ribosome moves along the mRNA
as each tRNA drops of its amino acid
 The ribosome joins amino
acids with peptide bonds and
the tRNAs leave the ribosome
 The process continues until
the ribosome reaches the STOP
codon
 The result is a polypeptide.
(protein)
Using a Codon Chart
 A codon chart
can be used to
determine the
sequence of
the amino
acids in the
polypeptide.
http://www.safarikscience.org/biologyhome/7_dna/
 The mRNA
bases or
CODONS are
codon_question.png
used to find
the amino acid.
CODON CHART
Decoding Practice
 For the following examples, give the appropriate
mRNA sequence and amino acid sequence.
(Remember: U replaces T in mRNA.)
Example 1:
DNA: TAC GCA TGG
AAT
mRNA: AUG CGU ACC
UUA
Example
Amino 2:
Acids: Met Arg Thr
Leu
DNA: CGT GGA GAT ATT
mRNA: GCA CCU CUA UAA
tRNA: CGU GGA GAU AUU
Amino Acids: Ala Pro Leu stop

RNA Protein Synthesis

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RNA and Protein

ribose whereas the

(or gene)on one strand of DNA in the nucleus

RNA copy of a segment (gene) of

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