Mobile Computing Wireless Communication

(MCWC)
GTU # 3170710

Unit-2:
Wireless
Communication
Technology
PART-3 : Spread Spectrum
Prof.Swati R Sharma
Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
(O) 9727747317
 Looping
Topics to be covered- Spread Spectrum
• The Concept of Spread Spectrum
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Code Division Multiple Access

Spread Spectrum
The Concept of Spread Spectrum
The Concept of Spread Spectrum
 A collective class of signalling techniques are employed
before transmitting a signal to provide a secure
communication, known as the Spread Spectrum Modulation.
 The pivotal aim of spread spectrum communication technique
is to prevent “interference” whether it is intentional or
unintentional.’
 The spread spectrum signals are hard to interfere and can’t be
jammed.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 4

The Concept of Spread Spectrum
 Narrow Band Signal features
 Band of signals occupy a narrow range of frequencies
 Power density is high
 Spread of energy is low and concentrated
  Signals are prone to interference
 Spread Spectrum Signal features
 Band of signals occupy a wide range of frequencies
 Power density is very low
 Energy is wide spread
 Highly resistant to interference or jamming

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 5

General model of Spread Spectrum
Output
Input Data
Data
Channel Encoder Modulator Channel Demodulator Channel Decoder

Spreading Spreading
Code Code

Psuedo-noise Psuedo-noise
generator generator

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 6

The Concept of Spread Spectrum
 Applications
 Military communication
 It can also be used for hiding and encrypting signals. Only a recipient who knows the spreading code can
recover the encoded information.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 7

Spread Spectrum Technique

Spread Spectrum

Frequency Hoping Direct Sequence

Spread Spectrum Spread Spectrum
(FHSS) (DSSS)

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 8

Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum(FHSS)
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS)
 The first type of spread spectrum developed
is known as frequency hopping.
 The sequence of channels used is indicated
by a spreading code.
 Signal is broadcast over seemingly random
series of radio frequencies
 A number of channels allocated for the FH
signal
 Width of each channel corresponds to
bandwidth of input signal
 Signal hops from frequency to frequency at
fixed intervals
 Transmitter operates in one channel at a time
 Bits are transmitted using some encoding
scheme
 At each successive interval, a new carrier
frequency is selected
Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 10
FHSS Transmitter and Receiver block diagram
FHSS Transmitter

FHSS Receiver

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 11

Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum(DSSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS)
 Each bit in original signal is represented by
multiple bits in the transmitted signal
 Spreading code spreads signal across a wider
frequency band
 Spread is in direct proportion to number of bits
used
 One technique combines digital information
stream with the spreading code bit stream
using exclusive-OR.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 13

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
0 1 1 0 0 0
Data Input Signal (A)

0 1 0 1 0 1
PN bit stream (B)

0 0 1 1 0 1
C=A ⊕ B

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 14

DSSS Transmitter and Receiver block diagram
DSSS Transmitter

DSSS Receiver

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 15

DSSS Performance Considerations

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 16

Code Division Multiple Access
 CDMA is a multiplexing technique used with spread spectrum.

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 17

Code Division Multiple Access :Example
User-1 User-2 User-3
Data 00 10 11
Spread Code 0101 0011 0000
Generated :0000 0000 10: 1111 0000 11: 1111 1111
Spread code ⊕:0101 0101 0011: ⊕0011 0011 0000: ⊕ 0000 0000
0101 0101 1100 0011 1111 1111

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 18

CDMA User-1 User-2 User-3
Spread code 0101 0101 1100 0011 1111 1111
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0: +1V
+1V 1: -1V
User-1
0V

-1V
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
+1V
User-2
0V

-1V
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+1V
User-3
0V

-1V

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 19

 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0: +1V Receiver
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
+1V 1: -1V
User-1
0V

-1V
1
-1 1
-1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 1
-1 1
-1
+1V
User-2
0V

-1V
1
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
-1 1
-1
+1V
User-3
0V

-1V

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 20

User-1 Volts +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 CDMA Transmitter

User-2 Volts -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1

User-3 Volts
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Composite Volts -1 -3 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -3
Signal(Add)
Composite
Signal(Add) +1V

0V

-1V

-2V

-3V

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 21

CDMA Receiver Composite
Signal(Add) +1V
USER-1

0V

-1V

-2V

-3V
User1(0101) 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
0: +1V +1V
1: -1V
0V

-1V
Multiply Volts -1 3 1 1 1 1 -1 3

-1+3+1+1=4/4=+1 +1+1-1+3=4/4=+1
0: +1V Voltage=11
1: -1V Therefore, Data=00(i.e Original Data Sent by User-1)
CDMA Receiver Composite -1 -3 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -3
Signal(Add) +1V
USER-2

0V

-1V

-2V

-3V
User2(0011) 0
+1 0
+1 1
-1 1
-1 0
+1 0
+1 1
-1 1
-1
0: +1V +1V
1: -1V
0V

-1V
Multiply Volts -1 -3 -1 1 1 -1 1 3

-1-3-1+1=-4/4=-1 +1-1+1+3=4/4=+1
0: +1V Voltage= -1 1
1: -1V Therefore, Data=10(i.e Original Data Sent by User-2)
CDMA Receiver Composite -1 -3 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -3
Signal(Add) +1V
USER-3

0V

-1V

-2V

-3V
User3(0000) 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1 0
+1
0: +1V +1V
1: -1V
0V

-1V
Multiply Volts -1 -3 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -3

-1-3+1-1=-4/4=-1 +1-1-1-3=-4/4=-1
0: +1V Voltage= -1 -1
1: -1V Therefore, Data=11(i.e Original Data Sent by User-3)
GTU Questions: Unit 2-Part 3

Sr. Question Marks Year

1. What is Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technology? How does it work in CDMA technology? 7 Win’18
3 Sum’20
2. What is wave propagation? Discuss various modes of propagation with example 4 Sum’19
7 Win’19
7 Sum’20
3. Explain FHSS. Discuss advantages and applications of FHSS. 7 Sum’19
4 Win’19
7 Sum’20
4. How DSSS does works in CDMA technology? 4 Sum’20

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 25

References
Book: Wireless Communications & Networks, Second Edition, William Stallings by Pearson

Prof. Swati R Sharma #3170710 (MCWC)  Unit 2 – Wireless Communication Technology 26

Thank You